在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 以动词do为例 1）不定式 时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2）动名词 时态\\语态 主动 被动 3）分词 时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作 being done表示正在进行的被动的动作
完成式 having done表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作 having been done表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作
4）过去分词 done （没有时态和语态的变化）
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 分词 注意：不及物动词无被动形式 找出句子中的非谓语动词
1.To make the cake, we need some eggs. 2.The old man walked slowly, carrying a heavy bag. 3.Having finished the work, he left the office. 4.Dressed in red, she looks beautiful. 5. The book translated into 5 languages sells well.
考点一 非谓语动词作状语 表示目的，直接用不定式或so as to/in order to。 表示结果，更常见于so...as to，such...as to，enough to，too...to结构中，only接不定式常表示出乎意料的结果，有逗号与主句分开。 表示原因，用在作表语的某些表示情感的形容词后面。 表示时间。如果两个动作同时发生，可用 when/while加现在分词。 表示原因。通常放在句首。 现在分词 表示结果。通常放在句末。 ①He fired his gun，killing the wolf. ②My car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay. ①They sat facing each other. ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. ③He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. ①He went home to see his mother. ②We eat(in order)to live，but we don’t live(in order)to eat. ①He feels well enough to stand up. ②The boy is too young to go to school. ③The firemen went there quickly，only to find the houses had been burned down. ①I’m sorry to hear that. ②She seemed surprised to meet us. ①Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy. ②Don’t mention this while talking to him. ①Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave a message. ②Being a League member，he is always helping others. 不定式 表示行为方式或伴随情况。 表示时间 ①Seen from the hill，the city looks more beautiful. ②When(it is)completed，the power station will be the largest one in our country. ①Born in a poor family，he had only two years of schooling. ②Done in a hurry，his homework was full of mistakes. ①Given better attention，the cabbages could have grown better. ②Compared with you，we still have a long way to go. ①The girl sat there alone，lost in thought. ②The hunter left his house，followed by his dog. 表示原因 过去分词 表示条件 表示行为方式或伴随情况 [点津]1．现在分词的形式：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加_____构成。一般式_________；被动式__________；完成式_________；完成被动式__________。
The old man，having worked abroad for twenty years，came back to his motherland. Having been scolded many times，he determined to study hard to catch up with others. 2．常见的需用固定的现在分词的结构：generally speaking，taking everything into consideration，judging from/by等，无论和句子的主语之间构成什么关系只能用其ing形式。
Taking everything into consideration，the result is better than expected. Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man.
3．过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况等。不同的是：过去分词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语即句子的主语之间构成________关系，而现在分词构成_______关系。
4．某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost(迷路)，seated(坐)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)等，在句中常作表语、宾补和状语。不管它们作什么成分都不用其ing形式。
Lost in the mountains for a week，we were finally saved by the local police. Absorbed in his book，he did not notice me enter the room.
(2013·高考江苏卷)Lionel Messi, ________ the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting C．to set D．having set (2013·高考安徽卷)________ in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A．To found B．Founding C．Founded D．Having founded (2012·高考四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only ________ his plane high up in the sky.
A．finding B．to find C．being found D．to have found (2014·北京北信附中高三入学考试)Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ________ away.
A．to stay B．staying C．stayed D．stay (2014·绵阳三诊)________ in her favorite skirt，she seemed to be more confident.
A．Having dressed B．Being dressed C．Dressing D．Dressed (2014·南平毕业班质检)We are all convinced that time，____effectively，is money in the bank. A．to use B．used C．using D．use (2014·河北石家庄一模)Although ________ a little bitter，this medicine will be good for curing the disease.
A．tasted B．being tasted C．tasting D．tastes
考点二 非谓语动词作定语 从时间上看，不定式作定语通常表示一个未发生的动作，或表示一个已完成的动作。 ①He isn’t the proper person to do the work. ②Madam Curie was the first person to discover radium. 不定式 通常置于所修饰的词之后。 We need someone to help with the 从逻辑关系上看，不定式所typing.( ) 修饰的词可能是它的逻辑主②The teacher gave us two exercises to do 语，也可能是它的逻辑宾语。 after class.( ) 动名词作定语主要是起分类作用，不表示动作，且不多见。 从时间上看，现在分词作定语通常表示一个正在进行的动作、经常性的动作或状态和所被修饰的词一定是主谓关系。 从时间上看，过去分词作定语所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，或没有一定的时间性(只表示被动)。 从逻辑关系上看，过去分词作定语所修饰的词一定是它的逻辑宾语。 a sleeping car；a walking stick ①The tall girl standing there is a basketball player.(进行) ②Barking dogs seldom bit.(经常性) ③They live in a room facing the south.(状态) ①This is a play written by Shakespeare. ②He is a man loved by all. ①A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow. ②I hate to read letters written in pencil. 动名词 通常置于所修饰的词之前。 单个分词置于所修饰的词之前，分词短语置于所修饰的词之后。 现在分词 过去分词 单个分词置于所修饰的词之前，分词短语置于所修饰的词之后。 注意：1.现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的_______关系，表示该动作的______和_______，若与所修饰的名词之间构成动宾关系，且又强调动作的进行，就用其被动形式：__________________。
There are two roads before us，one leading to the beach，the other leading to the park. The meeting being held now is very important.
2.动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面， 表示的往往是______的动作，要根据它与被修饰词之间的主被动关系来决定用to do还是用to be done。
He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 当被修饰词被序数词修饰时，用不定式作定语。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
3.不定式常作下列名词的定语，与被修饰词之间构成同位语关系：attempt，ability，anything，chance, determination，decision，effort，intention，opportunity，plan，promise， way等。
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Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 4.having done having been done 不能用作定语
(2013·高考陕西卷)The witnesses ________by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A．questioned B．being questioned C．to be questioned D．having questioned (2013·高考辽宁卷)Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home，there was a pile of mail ________ for her.
A．waited B．to wait C．waiting D．was waiting (2013·高考山东卷)The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ in one corner.
A．standing B．to stand C．stands D．stood (2013·高考四川卷)The airport ________next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A．being completed B．to be completed C．completed D．having been completed
考点三 非谓语动词作宾补
部分动词后面advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/f常用不定式作orce/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tel宾语补足语。 l/warn/wish等。 不定式通常表示动作的全过程。主动句中不定式不带to，但被动句中不定式带to。 现在分词表示宾语和补足语之间存在着主动、进行的关系。 过去分词表示宾语和补足语之间存在着被动、完成的关系。 主动句中不定式不带to，但被动句中不定式带to。 现在分词 表示“使……处于某种状态；使……持续不断地做某事”。 过去分词表示宾语和补足语之间存在着被动、完成的关系。 “with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中。 不定式通常表示尚未发生。 ①They have warned us to be careful of rats. ②She asked him to sing for her friends，but she didn’t invite him to have dinner with them. ①Did you notice anyone come in？ ②He was seen to cross the road. 感官动词 see/look at/watch/notice/observe/hear/listen to/feel ①I saw him running down the street. ②I felt an ant climbing over my leg. ①They were glad to see the children taken good care of. ②We were surprised to find our room thoroughly cleaned. ①Please let me have your passport. ②We were made to work 12 hours a day. 使役动词 make/let/have ①They had the fire burning all night long. ②Sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. You had better have your radio repaired. He raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself heard. With a lot of work to do，he didn’t go to the cinema. 现在分词表示主动/进行。 过去分词表示被动/完成。
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village. The murderer was taken in，with his hands tied behind his back.
(2013·高考北京卷)When we saw the road_______ with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A．block B．to block C．blocking D．blocked (2014·嘉兴二测)—Did you witness the traffic accident round the corner?
—It was really scaring. Many people were passing with their eyes half ________． A．covered B．covering C．being covered D．to be covered (2013·山西太原二模)Many farmers in the countryside have gone to cities to look for work and left their children behind ________ by their grandparents.
A．raised B．raising C．being raised D．to be raised
考点四 非谓语动词作主语和宾语
作主语
①To see is to believe. ②It only took us a year to complete the project. ③It was not right for the south to break away from the Union. 不定式 表示具体、特指的动作时，用不定式更多见。 温馨提醒：当作主语的不定式短语较长时，常用形式主语it来代替不定式置于句首。 ①Teaching English at middle school is my fulltime job. 表示抽象、泛指的②In some Arabian countries，动词ing形式 动作时，用动词-shaking one’s head from side to ing形式更多见。 side means agreement. ③Knowing some other languages is a great help to us. 作宾语 常见的有：agree/ask/choose/dare/decide/demand/desire/expect/fail/hope/learn/manage/offer/plan/promise/pretend/refuse/want/wish等。 温馨提醒：It is no use/no good/a waste of time doing sth. 句型中应用动词ing形式作主语。 ①It’s no use talking like this. ②It’s a waste of time arguing with him. 部分动词(短语)后面只能接不定式作宾语。 ①He agreed to lend me his bike. ②He refused to say sorry to me. ③She wanted to go home earlier that day.
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部分动词(短语)后面只能接动词ing形式作宾语。 常见的有：avoid/appreciate/delay/enjoy/escape/excuse/finish/imagine/mind/miss/practise/suggest/keep(on)/feel like/devote oneself to/give up/be(get)used to/be worth/insist on/look forward to/prefer...to...等。 常见的有：begin/start/continue/hate/like/love/prefer等。 ①He admitted taking my money. ②I imagined becoming a writer in my childhood. ③He is used to walking to his office every day. 部分动词后接不定式和动词ing形式均可，意义区别不大。 ①They began throwing/to throw furniture out of the window. ②Do you like playing/to play chess？ ①I’ll remember to post your letter. ②I don’t remember saying this to him before. ③I forgot to tell him to come. ④I’ll never forget seeing him for the first time. ⑤I regret to say that the job has been filled. ⑥He bitterly regretted ever having mentioned it. ⑦You must try to improve your teaching method. ⑧If no one answers，try knocking at the back door. ⑨I meant to send you a postcard，but I didn’t have your address. ⑩These symbols mean nothing to me. ⑪Let’s stop to buy something to eat here. ⑫Let’s stop working and have a rest. ⑬After reading the text，he went on to write the new words. ⑭He went on telling us the story after a short rest. ⑮I want to join the army. ⑯The road wants rebuilding. ⑰I can’t help to carry the box because my arm hurts. 部分动词(短语)后接不定式和动词ing形式时，含义不同，应注意区分。 remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做) remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做) forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做) regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾、抱歉(未做) regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事(已做) try to do sth. 试图努力地做某事(但不一定成功) try doing sth. 试着做某事(只是试试，不付出很大努力) mean to do sth. 打算、想要做某事 mean doing sth. 意思是、意味着 stop to do sth. 停下(别的事情)来去做某事(不定式为目的状语) stop doing sth. 停止做某事 go on to do sth/ go on doing
(2013·高考福建卷)________ basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A．Known B．Having known C．Knowing D．Being known (2014·北京十一学校高三月考)The time and effort he has devoted during the past few years ________ trees in that remote area is now considered to be of great value.
A．to planting B．to plant C．plant D．planting (2014·南京第五十五中学高三月考)The soldier narrowly escaped ________ in the fierce battle.
A．have killed B．killing C．to be killed D．being killed (2013·陕西五校二模)________ the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
A．Being offered B．To offer C．Having offered D．Offered
考点五 独立结构 表现形式 现在分词/过去分词 名词/不定式 代词＋ 形容词/副词 介词短语 意义 现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动和完成 表将来，计划安排要做的事 表明名词或代词所处的状态 表位置 典句示例 ①The girl staring at him，he didn’t know what to say. ②Homework finished，the boy went out to play. His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. ①He stood there，his mouth wide open. ②School over，we all went home. He is standing in front of the blackboard，his back towards us.
(2012·高考新课标全国卷)The party will be held in the garden, weather ________．
A．permitting B．to permit C．permitted D．permit (2014·启东中学高三检测)Mary ________ all the housework，she dropped herself into the sofa，sighing with relief.
A．finished B．had finished C．having finished D．finishing (2014·盐城中学高三考试)________，and students having returned，the school will start out with ________ effort in the work that lies before it.
A．The summer vacation is over；refreshing B．As the summer vacation over；renewed C．The summer vacation being over；renewed D．With the summer vacation being over；refreshing (2014·扬州中学高三质检)________，they dived into a taxi and headed for the airport.
A．Goodbye was said B．Goodbye had been said C．Goodbye said D．When goodbye said
独立主格结构
(2014·东台三仓中学月考)_____the responsibilities of the family，I worked hard to earn a living.
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A．Being burdened with B．Burdened with C．Burdening with D．To burden with (2014·天津耀华中学模考)________ the room，the nurse found the tape recorder ________． A．Entering；stealing B．Entering；gone C．To have entered；gone D．Having entered；to be stolen (2014·泗阳中学高三月考)The golden man was almost four meters tall，and there were rays of light ________ from his head ________ lit the entire palace hall.
A．coming；in which B．coming；that C．to come；which D．having come；from which (2014·沐阳五校高三联考)Which do you enjoy ________ your weekend，swimming or fishing? A．spending B．being spent C．spend D．to spend (2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The sunlight is white and blinding，________hardedge shadows on the ground.
A．throwing B．being thrown C．to throw D．to be thrown (2013·高考浙江卷)___how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A．Hearing B．Hear C．Having heard D．To be hearing (2013·高考浙江卷)A good listener takes part in the conversation，________ ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing. A．realizing B．copying C．offering D．misunderstanding (2013·高考江苏卷)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ________to ruins，the city took on a new look. A．reducing B．reduced C．being reduced D．having reduced (2014·扬州中学高三质检)David got well prepared for the university interview，for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity ________．
A．to lose B．losing C．to be lost D．being lost (2014·天一中学高三试题)The traffic rules says young children under the age of four and ________ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A．being weighed B．to weigh C．weighed D．weighing (2013·盐城二模)Members of the media ________ to cover Royal events or stories should make themselves familiar with the guidance provided in this section. A．seek B．sought C．seeking D．to seek (2014·盐城一模)—Do you know the man talking to the headmaster?
—A scientist ________ a visit to our school. He will give us a speech on satellite TV tomorrow. A．pays B．paying C．is paying D．having paid (2014·南通期末)Red Sorghum was adapted from MoYan’s 1986 novel of the same name，________ to life a visual landscape of red sorghum and a fiery ________ sun.
A．brought；setting B．bringing；setting C．having brought；set D．bringing；set (2014·常州三中模拟)China is home to many famous historic sites，one of which，________ the 14th century.
A．dates from B．dates back to C．dated from D．dating back to (2013·南京一模)Of all the feelings，bodily pain is the most difficult ________． A．explained B．to explain C．being explained D．to be explained
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