名词解释
Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠ
第一章 英国简介 1
1. London
London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.
伦敦位于该国南部最大的城市。从各方面来看，它是英国主导。它是文化和商业中心，绝大多数英国大公司总部。它不仅是国家的金融中心，而且在世界三大国际金融中心之一。
2. Robin Hood
Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and bid himself with his band of \"merry men\" in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.
罗宾汉是一个撒克逊的贵族。 因为他再也无法容忍诺曼人的压迫，他成为逃犯并且让自己和他的\"快活人\" 帮派呆在森林里。他就在这个秘密的地方里，进行劫富济贫。
The Anglo-Saxons
They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
盎格鲁撒克逊族是日耳曼民族的两个群体，从第五世纪在英格兰定居下来。他们被视为英国人的祖先和英格兰的创始人。
4. King Arthur
It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.
据说亚瑟王在第五世纪他是英格兰的国王，并且用他的魔剑统一英国和驱赶撒克逊人，该剑就是王者之剑。他是否存在还是个疑问。他是许多传奇的核心人物。
5. King Harold
He was the Saxon King whose army was defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when Williamthe Conqueror invaded England from France.
哈罗德国王是撒克逊国王，当征服者威廉从法国入侵英国，他的军队在 1066 年的黑斯廷斯之战中被打败。
Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅱ
第二章 英国简介 2
1. The Easter Rising
In order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.
为了获得独立，不同的爱尔兰团体一直反对英国机构和英国军队。其中一项活动是发生在 1916 年的复活节起义。叛军占领柏林的邮局，通过军事力量迫使英国撤退。叛乱的领导人被英国当局处决。
2. The Provisional IRA
In 1919, a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republic Army) expanded fighting for lrish freedom and independence. The Provisional IRA is the radical faction of the IRA. They prefer the use of force and believe that armed force is the only way to get the British out and to have a unified Ireland.
1919 年，一个自称是 IRA(爱尔兰共和国军)扩大为爱尔兰自由和独立而战。临时爱尔兰共和军是激进的派别。他们更喜欢使用武力，并认为武力是唯一的方式脱离英国，并且统一爱尔兰。
3. Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of \" the Bullet and the Ballot Box\". It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.
北爱尔兰新芬党是一个合法的政党，支持爱尔兰共和军争取爱尔兰统一。新芬党的领导人喜欢靠双战役统一爱尔兰，即军事和政治的政策，他们称之为\"子弹和投票箱\"。它认为没有新芬党参与的话，在北爱尔兰的政治问题就无法彻底解决。
4. Home Rule
Ireland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an
independent Irish state was never lost. \"Home Rule\" refers to a campaign for Irish control of lrish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First world War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
爱尔兰一直被英国统治，但爱尔兰对一个独立的爱尔兰国家的渴望是永远不会失去。\"自治\"是指爱尔兰事务控制的运动。自治条例法案终于在 1914 年通过，但遭遇到第一次世界大战使得战内期间进程暂停。
❖ 5. The Good Friday Agreement
As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won't change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.
作为多党谈判的结果，《北爱和平协议》于 1998 年 4 月 10 日获得批准。这项协议保证忠诚的社会，北爱尔兰仍然是英国的一部分，它不会改变其政治地位，除非大多数北爱尔兰人民同意。根据协议条款，北爱尔兰应由三个独立的司法统治：爱尔兰共和国，大不列颠和自己选出十名部长的行政政府。
Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom
第三章 英国政府
1. The Bill of Rights of 1689
In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
1689 年《权利法案》：1688，金·詹姆斯二世的女儿玛丽和她的丈夫威廉被政治家和当局教会邀请继承王位，条件是他们将尊重议会的权利。1689 年通过了法案，以确保国
王再也不能无视议会。
❖ 2. The Constitution
Unlike many nations, Britain has no written Constitution.
Contents:
The foundations of the British state are Iaid out in Statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament;
The common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts;
And conventions. (rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).
宪法：英国没有成文宪法。英国政府的基础是制定法，这是议会通过的法律；普通法，这是通过在法院常见的做法建立的法律；还有公约。
❖ 3. The functions of Parliament
The functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinise government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的职能是：通过法律，为征税投票，审查政府的政策，管理和支出，对当前重大问题进行辩论。
❖ 4. The House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.
上议院：上议院由上议员主教议员组成，也就是大主教和最突出的英格兰教会的主教；和世俗贵族，他从祖辈继承了座位或被任命的贵族。上议院主要代表自己，而不是公众的利益。
❖ 5. The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.
下议院：下议院是真正的英国政治生活的中心，因为它是大约 650 名当选代表(国会议员)产生和辩论政策的地方。这些议员(MP=Member of Parliament)在普选中被选举产生，应该代表投票给他们的人民的利益。
Unit 4 Politics, Class and Race
第四章 政治、阶级和种族
1. The importance of general elections
General elections are very important in western democracy. According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.
普选的重要性：在西方民主中普选是非常重要的。据作者说，他们为人民提供机会以影响未来的政府政策，并替换那些无能的政治领导人。
2. The formation of the government
651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds a majority of those \"seats\" in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.
政府的形成：在英国普选中 651 个议会成员被选出代表 651 名议员选区。拥有议会中的这些大多数\"席位\"的政党构成政府，政党领袖作为其首相。
3. The electoral campaign
Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The
campaign involves advertisements in newspapers door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and \"party electoral broadcasts\" on the television. The parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents' policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.
竞选：普选之前，各政党将开始他们的竞选活动，以便让公众知道他们的意识形态和政策。竞选运动包括在送上门的报纸的竞选广告，邮件递送传单和在电视上的\"党选举广播\"。双方还试图攻击和批评对手的政策。因此，这些运动有时是相当积极和关键的。
4. Class system in British society
The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.
英国社会的阶级制度：阶级制度在英国社会确实存在。 大多数英国人口将自认为是中产阶级和工人阶级中的其中一个，虽然有些人会真的属于中上阶层或中下阶级。阶级分化并非简单的经济，也包括文化。不同阶级的人可能读报纸的种类、说话的方式、受到的教育方式上不同。
5. Ethnic relations in the UK
The coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-of economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.
英国的民族关系：来自世界各地的移民团体的未来极大地丰富了英国文化。但民族关系有时也会紧张：当地人民认为新来者是对他们的生活构成威胁，尽管官方采取行动以尽量减少种族主义，但仍然存在微妙和明显的压迫。移民人口有不良好的经济。他们面对失业问题、在政治上代议机会不足、警察和司法制度的不公平待遇。
Unit 5 The UK Economy
第五章 英国金融
1. Relative decline of the UK economy
The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.
英国经济的相对衰落：英国经历了自 1945 年以来的经济衰退。但这是一个相对而非绝对的。英国比 1945 年更富裕、更多产，但从其他国家发展更迅速，使得它从第二大经济体已经下滑到第六。
2. Privatisation in the 1980s
The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time
unemployment rate increased rapidly.
1980 年代私有化：在 1970 年代，英国经济经历了一个特别糟糕的时期，高通货膨胀率和英镑贬值。因此 1980 年代，在保守党执政期间的撒切尔夫人，进行了一次广泛的私有化方案。许多国有企业(如钢铁、电信、天然气、航空航天)变成了私人公司。私有化是成功控制通胀，但与此同时，失业率迅速增加。
3. Main sectors of the UK economy
The UK national economy can be divided into three main areas: primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary (Or service)
industries such as banking insurance, tourism and the retailing.
英国经济的主要部门：英国国家经济可分为三个主要领域：第一行业，如农业、渔业和采矿；第二产业从初级产品制造复杂的物品的行业；第三级(或服务)行业，如银行保险、旅游和零售业。
4. \"The City\"
\"The City\" refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.
\"城市\"：\"城市\"指的是在伦敦市中心的历史性地区。它是世界上最大的金融中心之一，拥有最集中的银行、保险公司和商品交易业务。在城市核心是伦敦证券交易所上市。
5. The aerospace industry in the UK
The UK's aerospace industry is the third-largest in the world, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines. It produces 2% of the UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.
英国的航空航天工业：英国的航空航天产业是世界第三大，产生全方位的航空航天产品从民用和军用飞机与导弹、卫星和飞机引擎。它产生 2%的英国国民产出，占 8%的制
成品出口货物。
Unit 6 British Literature
第六章 英国文学
1. Elizabethan Drama
The general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries known as the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558-1603). The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576, and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.
伊丽莎白时代的戏剧：在第十五和第十六世纪欧洲的文化和精神生活的开花,被称为文艺复兴。在英国文化中，这一发展的最成功的和持久的表达方式之一在于戏剧。这是英国女王伊丽莎白二世统治时期(1558-1603)。在伦敦的第一家专业剧院于 1576 年开业，并且其他人也跟随，许多名剧作家的戏剧表演，包括克里斯托弗·马洛、本·琼森和威廉.莎士比亚。
2. The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer is the most important work in Middle English literature. It is made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims
to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in southeast England. It's quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style or the stories they tell.
《坎特伯雷故事集》：乔叟写的《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要的工作。它是在英格兰东南部的坎特伯雷前往基督教教会途上，由 31 名朝圣者互相告诉娱乐的一系列故事。它的多样性很值得注意，不仅在朝圣者中的社会地位范围，而且在风格或他们告诉的故事中。
3. The King James Bible
King James I ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures, which came to be known as the King James Bible. It appeared in 1611. Although it was not the first English translation and there have been many translations since, the King James Version will probably never be matched for majesty of language. For many generations it has had a greater influence on style and standards of taste than any other single work in English literature.
詹姆斯国王的圣经：国王詹姆斯一世下令圣经的翻译，后来被称为钦定版《圣经》。它出现在 1611 年。 虽然它并不是第一个英文译本，有许多的译本，国王詹姆斯版本可能永远不会匹配陛语言的庄严。相对其他任何一个在英语文学作品，风格和品位的标准对很多代人产生了较大影响。
4. Romanticism
Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with
imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry's \"Declaration of Independence. “Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.
浪漫主义：大约第十九世纪的前三分之一构成了英国文学的浪漫主义时期。浪漫主义文学的作家更加关注想象与情感，而不是理性的力量。由华兹华斯和柯勒所著的一卷诗《抒情歌谣集》，是作为浪漫主义诗歌的\"独立宣言。\"济慈、拜伦和雪莱，三个伟大的诗人，使浪漫主义运动带到新高度。浪漫主义的精神也发生在小说中。
5. The Bronte sisters
Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, who were influenced by the Romantic Movement. Charlotte, Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Although they were poor, they were educated and respectable. In their short livest they didn't produce much but their works are among the best-loved novels in English: Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering Heights.
勃朗特姐妹：也许英国历史上最著名的文学家庭是勃朗特姐妹，她们受到浪漫主义运动的影响。 夏洛特、艾米丽和安是在约克郡的一个乡村教堂的牧师的女儿。虽然他们很穷，他们也受教育和受人尊敬的。在他们的短暂的生命中，他们没有产生太多作品但他们的作
品在英语小说作品中是最受喜爱的：夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》和艾米丽的《呼啸山庄》。
6. Modernism
Modernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. it often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.
现代主义：现代主义是指主要在二战之前的一种书面文学形式。它的特点是高度实验。它可以被视为对第十九世纪现实主义形式的反应。现代派作家表达他们看到世界是如何运转的理解和交流困难。通常，现代主义写作似乎混乱，难以理解。它常常从一个单一的困惑个人的观点描述行动，而不是从一种无所不知的客观叙述者在行动以外的观点。一个英国最著名的现代派作家是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。
Unit 7 British Education System
第七章 英国教育系统
1. Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.
综合学校：综合学校今天在英国是最受欢迎的中学。这类学校承认儿童没有提及他们的学术能力并且提供一般教育。学生可以学习任何东西，从学术学科比如文学，到实用科目比如烹饪。
2. Grammar schools
It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called \"the 11-plus\". Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.
文法学校：这是一个英国的中学类型。文法学校选择在 11 岁的儿童，通过考试被称为\"11 加\"。与得分最高的那些孩子去文法学校。这些学校重视先进的学术学科，而不是的综合学校的更广泛的课程，并且期望他们的许多学生去上大学。
3. Independent schools
Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition
rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.
独立学院： 独立学校通常被称为公共学校，实际上是私立学校，通过私营部门和学费接收他们的资金，在政府的一些援助下。独立学校不是国家教育制度的一部分，但教学质量和标准是透过英国学校监察员的维护。这些学校要求学生的父母比较富有。
4. The Open University
The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the Opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It's open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational
qualifications as the other universities . University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.
开放大学：英国开放大学成立于在 1960 年代，面向于可能因为经济和社会原因得不到高等教育的机会的人。这是对所有人开放，并且不要求与其他大学的正规教学条件相同。大学课程可以通过电视、广播、通信、视频和学习中心的网络进行。他们在开放大学的学习结束后，成功的学生获得大学学位。
Unit 8 British Foreign Relations
第八章 英国外交
1. The foundations of British foreign policy
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.
英国外交政策的基础：当代英国外交政策是受到帝国历史和其地理政治特点的影响。英国最近失去了它的帝国，英国的决策者经常忘了英国现在在世界事务没有像过去那样有影响力。另一个对英国处理对外事务的方式产生决定性影响，是基于是对欧洲的地理政治态度。
2. The making of Britain's foreign policy
The general direction of Britain's foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main
government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain's foreign policy. Many other government ministries such as the Ministry of Defence also play a part in formulating and carrying out the government's decisions. But an extremely influential player in Britain's foreign policy is the Treasury. The Treasury makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year.
英国外交政策的制定：英国外交政策的总方向主要取决于总理和内阁。主要政府部门，外交和联邦事务部，在英国外交政策的制定中发挥着重要的作用。许多其他政府部门，如国防部也参与制定和执行政府的决定。但是，英国的一个非常有影响力的外交政策角色是财政部。财政部决定其他部门可以每年有多少钱。
❖ 3. Britain and the EU
Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britains participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.
英国和欧盟：1973 年英国加入欧洲经济共同体，现在被称为欧盟。人们对于英国参与欧盟仍有争议。在这场争论的中心是，它不清楚欧盟是什么，欧盟将成为什么。英国一直致力于鼓励国家之间的自由贸易，因此非常支持欧盟作为一个自由贸易区。英国喜欢把欧盟作为一个可能经济合作的地方，也会可能有专门人才和货物的流动。但英国始终不那么热衷于放弃国家主权给欧洲政府。
❖ 4. Britain and the United States
The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain's \"special relationship\" with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the \"special relationship.\"
英国和美国：英国的外交政策也是影响其与美国的关系。二战期间，在两个国家紧密相关，并在战后继续密切合作，因为他们在过去和世界地位有许多共同之处。即使在今天，英国和美国的决策者会分享各方面的政治思路。然而，英国与美国的\"特殊关系\"经历了很多起伏。英国正在开始意识到自己的外交政策会受到美国政策的限制。但双方一直在努力维持\"特殊的关系\"。
5. The Commonwealth
In the author's opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.
英联邦：笔者认为，英联邦国家是一个是由英国和大部分是前身是英国殖民地的自愿协会。目前有 54 个英联邦的成员，包括一个中断成员：许多这些都是发展中国家，如印度和塞浦路斯；其他的发达国家，如澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰。英联邦建立成继续合作论坛，并作为一种关系网维持。
Unit 9 The British Media
第九章 英国媒体
❖ Two major newspapers in Britain: Quality papers and Tabloids
❖ 1. Quality papers
They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as \"the broadsheets\" because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.
上层报纸：属于国家日报的类别之一。上层报纸对特定的政治和社会重要意义进行更认真和深入的文章。他们还进行审查，如书评和高文化水平的专题文章。这些文件也被称作是\"大报\"，因为他们是大尺寸纸张打印。这类报纸的受众通常是一个受过良好教育的中产阶级读者。
❖ 2. Tabloids
A tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest Stories so as to a attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.
小报：小报是小尺寸格式的报纸，带有彩色照片的报纸和吸引人的标题。小报通常对名人的丑闻和八卦感兴趣。它们也携带大量犯罪、体育和耸人听闻人们的故事以吸引读者。故事很短，便于阅读并且经常观点更多地依赖于事实。它们是属于国家报纸，但不同于质上层报纸。
❖ 3. The Times (The Observer/ The Guardian)
The Times began publishing in 1785 and it is the United Kingdom's oldest daily newspaper.
纽约时报：《纽约时报》于 1785 年开始出版，是英国最古老的日报。
4. The BBC:
The full name is the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927 as a public service radio station and later moved into television. It has been Britain's main public service broadcaster. For a long time the BBC had mainly two channels. BBC One specializes in shows with a broad appeal while BBC Two aims at
a wide range of subject matter and interests, specialising in intelligent yet popular programme genres. The BBC also provides the World Service which broadcasts in English and 42 other languages throughout the world.
BBC：全名是英国广播公司。它成立于 1927 年，作为公共服务电台站，后来搬到电视。这是英国主要的公共服务广播机构。长期以来，BBC 主要有两个频道。 BBC 一台的专门的官方节目具有广泛的吸引力，而 BBC二台目标在于广泛的主题事务和利益，专门展示热门智力节目类型。BBC 还提供世界广播的英语服务和其他在世界各地的 42 种语言。
Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain
第十章 英国的运动，假日和节日
1. “Football hooligans”
2. Cricket and “fair play”
3. Wimbledon
4. The three traditions of Chrismas in Britain
5. Orange Marches
6. Eisteddfod
问答题
Unit 1
❖ 1. \"British history has been a history of invasion\". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?
(I) A history of invasions:
(1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43 AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.
(2) However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the \"round table\" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.
(3) In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alfred the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference
between northerners and southerners in England
(4) Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy ruled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.
(II) How did they influence culture:
(1) A lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was seen as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator.
(2) Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the English heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England.
(3) Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.
Unit 2
1.Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
(I) Why it is so significant:
Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.
(II) Its political problem:
The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict.
❖ 2. What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?
（Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to
fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of \"The Bullet and the Ballot Box\".）
The problem lay in the \"commitment to peaceful methods\" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.
Unit 3
1.What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?
(I) Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy:
The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.
(II) How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy:
Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the \"divine right of kings\". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liberty and political rights.
2.What is the history of English Parliament? #What role did the Parliament play in the Civil War?
❖ (1) History of English parliament:
Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).
(2)组成部分：The House of Lords and The House of commons
(3) What role did the parliament play in the Civil War:
Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
Unit 4
❖ What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?
(1) The Labour Party: More of a left wing party, but has been changeing to
middle ground since Tony Blair's administrtion. Although still considered a pretty left wing party
(2) The Conservative Party: Centre to right wing party, during Thacher's time
were very right wing on economy and social issuses, till today still been seen as a right wing, conservative, rich people party.
(3) The Libreal Democrats: Influential but not powerful enough in the
Parliament due to the disadvantage of the political system in the UK. Centre to left wing, more of a 'liberal' party, but the policies sometimes been seen as too liberal while the rest are too left wing.
Unit 5
1.Please define “absolute decline and relative decline” in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline?
(I) Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.
(II) Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.
❖ (III) Reasons: (Relative decline)
(1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII.
(2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council)
(3) The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size European country.
(4) Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones.
(5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled
with a very high rate of overseas investment.
Unit 6
❖ 1.What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?
➢ Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century.
➢ The main characteristics of the romantic period are:
1). a closeness to nature
2). a love of folk culture, notable songs and stories
3). making of romantic love a law unto itself, transcending conventional morality
4). a greater freedom of expression in the arts
5). the pursuit of emotional rapture
➢ The representative of romanticism
William Wordsworth（威廉·华兹华斯）；George Gordon Byron（拜伦）；John Keats（约翰·济慈）；Percy Bysshe Shelley（雪莱）
❖ 2.What is Modernism and what is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific writers on their books as examples?
(I) Modernism:
It refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.
(II) Postmodernism:
After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.
Unit 7
1.What are the purposes of the British education system? What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?
(1) The purposes:
Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society and even to socialize children.
❖ Similarity:
➢ Both the UK and China have compulsory education.
➢ The general education systems in two countries are quite similar. They both have primary schooling, secondary and university education.
➢ Both countries have vocational schools providing study and training for those who want to follow a certain career instead of seeking university education.
❖ Difference:
Chinese emphasizes foundational knowledge whereas Western thinks highly of creativeness.
Teaching Philosophy:
The main concept of education
➢ In Britain, education aims to develop individual abilities.
➢ But in China, we always kill students’ ability of creation and imagination to
some degree.
Teaching Method:
➢ In Britain, the homework doesn’t have a unifed right answer. If the answers given by students are reasonable, marks will be given.
➢ While in China, the knowledge we learn most have little relationship with our own life, they’re more basic courses.
Unit 10
❖ How do the British celebrate Christmas?
One is the Christmas Pantomime; (一个是圣诞节童话剧)
Another is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio; (另一个是听女王在电视和广播的圣诞致辞)
The third one is celebrate in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day. (第三种是在国家庆祝英国遗产节日).
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容