《英语词汇学》重要术语
One:
1． Native wordｓ 本族词
Wｏrds ｏｆ Anglｏ-Ｓaｘｏn origin or of Old Engｌisｈ ａrｅ nａtｉｖe ｗｏｒdｓ. 2. Ｌｏan wｏrdｓ 借词
Ｗords ｂorrowｅd from other langｕａgeｓ are loａn words or borrowｅd words. 3. Slａnｇ ｗorｄｓ 俚语
Slang wｏrds aｒe those wｏrｄs ｏf a vigorｏuｓ, colourfｕｌ, facetioｕs, oｒ taboｏ ｎaｔurｅ, iｎventｅd ｆｏr specｉfic occａsionｓ, or uses, or deｒiveｄ from the ｕｎｃonvenｔiｏｎal ｕse oｆ ｔhe ｓtandard voｃaｂｕｌａry． 4. Function ｗords 功能词
Function wｏrｄs are oｆten sｈｏrt words such as detｅｒminers, conjunｃtionｓ， ｐrepｏsitｉons, ａuｘiｌiａries that serｖe grammaticａlly more tｈan anytｈing ｅlse. 5. Cｏｎtent ｗords 实义词
Contenｔ ｗｏrds aｒｅ usｅd to ｎaｍｅ obｊects, qualities, aｃtｉonｓ, pｒoｃesses or stateｓ, and havｅ iｎdependｅnt ｌexical ｍeaning. 6． Freｅ forｍs 自由形式
Formｓ which occur as ｓentenｃes arｅ ｆree ｆｏrms. Twｏ：
1. Morｐhemeｓ 语素
Ｍｏrｐhｅｍes ａre ｔｈe smallｅst meaniｎgfｕl ｌinｇuistic ｕnits ｏf Engliｓh ｌanguage, ｎoｔ divisiｂle or analyｚaｂle iｎtｏ ｓｍaller forms. 2. Ａlｌoｍorpｈs 语素变体
Ａllｏmorｐｈｓ ａｒe any of the varｉａｎt foｒｍs of a morｐｈeme as ｃoｎdｉtionｅｄ by pｏｓｉtion or aｄjoining souｎｄｓ. 3. Freｅ ｍoｒphｅme 自由语素
Free morphｅmｅ is one thaｔ cａn be ｕttered alｏnｅ ｗitｈ mｅaning. 4． Bound moｒpheｍe 粘着语素
Ｂｏｕnd ｍorpheme caｎnoｔ stand bｙ ｉtseｌｆ as ａ ｃompleｔe ｕtteraｎｃｅ and must ａpｐear with at leaｓt ｏne ｏthｅr morpheme， free ｏr boｕnd. 5. Ｒoｏt 词根
Rｏot is ｔhｅ basic uｎcｈａngｅablｅ pａrt ｏf ａ wｏrd aｎd ｉｔ cｏnvｅys the ｍaｉｎ lexｉcal ｍｅaning of the ｗorｄ． ６. Affiｘ 词缀
Affｉx ｉｓ a colｌｅｃｔive tｅｒｍ for ｔhe type of formａｔｉve that ｃａn be ｕsed only ｗｈen adｄed to anotｈｅr morphｅme. 7. Ｉnｆleｃtｉonal afｆix 屈折词缀
Inflectｉonal aｆfｉx seｒｖes to ｅｘpress ｓｕch ｍeanｉｎgｓ as pｌurality， teｎse， ａnd the compａｒａtive or ｓuperｌａtive degｒee． 8. Ｄerivａtiｏnal afｆｉｘ 派生词缀
Derivaｔional affiｘ ｉｓ tｈe ｋｉnｄ of affiｘeｓ tｈaｔ hａs ｓpecifｉc leｘｉcaｌ ｍeaning hand can dｅrive a worｄ when iｔ is ａｄded to anoｔheｒ moｒphemｅ.
9． Ｐrｅｆiｘes 前缀
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Ｐｒefiｘes ａre aｆｆixes ａddeｄ befｏrｅ worｄｓ. １0. Suffixes 后缀
Suffixes arｅ affixes aｄded afｔｅr ｗｏrdｓ. Thｒee
1. Word-formaｔion rules 构词规则
Word－formａｔion rules defiｎｅ the scope and ｍeｔhｏdｓ wｈereby sｐeaｋers oｆ a laｎｇuage ｍａy creaｔe new woｒｄｓ． 2. Stｅm 词干
Stem is the ｐart of tｈe ｗoｒd-fｏrｍ wｈich remaiｎs ｗhen ａll ｉnflｅctional affixes have bｅｅｎ ｒemｏｖed. 3. Ｂａse 词基
Bａｓe is any ｆｏｒm ｔo which aｆfｉxeｓ oｆ any kind caｎ be added． ４． Ｃomｐounｄing 合成法
Ｃompounｄｉｎg is a wｏｒd-formation ｐroceｓs consistinｇ ｏf ｊoｉｎing tｗo or morｅ baseｓ to form a ｎew unit. 5. Derｉｖａtiｏｎ 派生法
Ｄerivatｉon or affiｘatｉoｎ is a word-formａtｉｏn pｒocess by whiｃh new worｄs ａre crｅateｄ bｙ adding a pｒefｉx, ｏｒ sufｆix， or both， to tｈe bａｓe. 6. Conversｉｏｎ 转化法
Coｎverｓion is a woｒd-formａtion prｏcesｓ whｅrebｙ a wｏｒｄ of ａ ｃerｔain word-clasｓ ｉs ｓhiｆteｄ iｎto a woｒｄ of aｎother worｄ－ｃlaｓs withｏut ｔｈe adｄｉtion of an aｆfix. 7. Prefixatiｏｎ 前缀法
Pｒefｉxatioｎ iｓ ｔhe addition oｆ a pｒefix ｔo the ｂase. ８． Sｕffiｘatioｎ 后缀法
Ｓuffixａｔiｏn rｅfeｒs tｏ tｈe ａddｉtion of ａ ｓuffix tｏ ｔhe basｅ. Ｆouｒ:
1. Initｉaliｓm 首字母连写词
Initｉalism is a type of shortening, usiｎg ｔhe ｆirｓｔ lettｅｒｓ ｏf woｒds ｔo form a pｒopeｒ name, a ｔｅchnical teｒm or a pｈrasｅ and it is pronounced lettｅr by letter. ２． Ａcronyｍs首字母拼音词
Acronymｓ ａｒe woｒd fｏrｍed froｍ ｔhe ｉnitial letterｓ of thｅ ｎａme of an orgａniｚatiｏn or ａ scientific term, ａnd theｙ are prｏnoｕnｃｅd as woｒｄs ｒatheｒ tｈan ａｓ seqｕencｅｓ oｆ letteｒｓ. 3. Clipｐinｇ 截短法
Tｈe proｃess oｆ ｃｌippｉng ｉnvolveｓ tｈe ｄeleｔion of ｏｎe or ｍore ｓyｌｌableｓ frｏm ａ ｗord (usually a noun), ｗhｉch iｓ alsｏ avaｉlable in iｔs fｕlｌ foｒｍ．
4. Blending 拼缀法
Ｂｌendinｇ is a process oｆ ｗord-foｒmａtion in whiｃh a new ｗorｄ iｓ formed by comｂiniｎg thｅ meａnings ａnd soｕnds ｏf two words， ｏne of which is ｎot in its fｕlｌ ｆorｍ or both ｏｆ wｈｉcｈ ａｒe nｏt iｎ theｉr full formｓ. 5. Ｂａck-formatｉoｎ 逆成法
Bａｃｋ-fｏrｍation ｉs a type ｏｆ word－forｍａtion by whｉcｈ a sｈorter word is co
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ｉｎed bｙ thｅ ｄｅlｅtion ｏf ａ suｐpoｓｅd ａｆfix frｏm a lｏｎｇeｒ ｆorm alreａｄy pｒesent ｉｎ the lａｎｇｕage. 6． Ｒeduｐliｃation 重叠法
Ｒeｄuplｉcatiｏn is a minｏr tyｐe of ｗoｒd－formaｔioｎ by ｗｈiｃh ａ compouｎd ｗord is cｒeated ｂy the rｅpetiｔion of one wｏrd oｒ ｏf two aｌmost identical worｄｓ ｗiｔh ａ chａngｅ ｉｎ the vowelｓ ｏr oｆ two alｍｏｓt iｄenｔical worｄｓ wｉth a chaｎge in tｈe initiaｌ ｃonｓonａntｓ.
7. Neｏcｌａｓsical fｏrｍaｔiｏn 新古典词构成法
Neｏclaｓsiｃａl forｍａtｉoｎ is thｅ proceｓs by ｗhicｈ new wｏrds are ｆｏrmed from elemｅnｔｓ ｄeｒived ｆｒom Lａtｉn and Gｒｅｅk． Fivｅ:
１. Cｏnventionalitｙ 约定俗成
It is the characteriｓtｉcs oｆ reｌation ｂeｔｗｅｅn the sｏunｄ-symbol and itｓ sense: there ｉｓ no waｙ to explａin ｗhｙ ｔhis or tｈａt sound-ｓｙmbol ｈas this ｏr ｔhat mｅanｉng beyond the fact ｔhａt ｔhe peoｐle of a gｉveｎ ｃｏmmunity haｖe ａｇreｅd tｏ usｅ one to desｉgnate the other. 2. Mｏtiｖaｔioｎ 理据
Moｔｉvaｔｉon refｅrs to the direcｔ ｃoｎｎectiｏn bｅｔwｅeｎ word－symｂol and ｉts ｓense.
３. Ecｈoｉc/ ｏnomａtopoeic wｏｒds 拟声词
Eｃhoic ｗｏrｄｓ or ｏnomatopoeic words arｅ ｗｏｒds motｉvatｅd phonｅtｉcallｙ wｈｏｓｅ pｒonｕnciatiｏn sｕggests thｅ ｍｅａniｎg. 4. Ｍoｒｐhological ｍotivation 语素结构理据
A woｒd iｓ ｍorpholoｇicａｌｌy moｔiｖatｅｄ iｆ a direcｔ cｏnnｅｃtion ｃａｎ ｂe oｂserved beｔwｅen the ｍorphｅmｉｃ sｔrｕcｔｕre of the worｄ and its meaning. 5． Semａntic ｍotｉvatｉon 语义理据
Semantiｃ mｏtｉvatｉｏｎ refｅrｓ ｔo ｍotiｖatiｏn ｂasｅd ｏn sｅmａntiｃ factｏrｓ ａｎｄ iｔ ｉs ｕsｕally proｖided ｂy the fｉgｕrative ｕsage ｏf ｗoｒds. 6. Ｇramｍａｔｉｃal mｅanｉng 语法意义
Gramｍatiｃaｌ meaning consｉsts oｆ wｏrd-cｌass ａnｄ inflectiｏｎaｌ ｐａradigｍ．
7. Iｎflectioｎａl pａｒadigｍ 词形变化
Thｅ set of grａmmatical forｍs ｏf ａ wｏｒd ｉs caｌled its inflecｔｉonａl pａradigm. Nouns aｒｅ dｅclｉned, verbs aｒe ｃonｊugaｔed aｎd gｒａdable adｊectives ｈave deｇrees of coｍpaｒisｏｎ. 8. Ｄenotatiｖｅ meaniｎg 外延意义
Thｅ ｄenoｔative meanｉnｇ ｏf a ｗord is ｉｔｓ defｉniｔion ｇiｖen in a dictiｏnaｒy.
９. Cｏnnotａtivｅ meaning 内涵意义
Cｏnnotaｔｉve meａnｉng rｅfｅrｓ to the emｏtｉoｎal ａssｏciatｉon whｉch ａ woｒd or a phraｓe suggｅsｔs in oｎｅ’s ｍind． 1０. Ｓociａl or stylistic mｅａninｇ 社会意义
Sociａl meaning is ｔhaｔ which a ｐiece oｆ langｕagｅ ｃｏnveｙs abｏｕt the sociａｌ cirｃumstａnceｓ of ｉts use．
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１１. Ａｆfecｔｉve meanｉng 情感意义
Aｆｆectiｖｅ meaning ｉs conｃernｅd with tｈe expreｓsｉoｎ of ｆｅelinｇｓ anｄ atｔituｄes of tｈe speaker or wrｉｔer.
12． Cｏmｐonｅntial anａlysis 语义成分分析
Tｈｅ ｃoncepｔual ｍeanｉng or dｅｎｏtative meａniｎg cａn be ｂroｋeｎ ｄoｗn inｔｏ itｓ mｉｎｉｍal dｉsｔinctiｖe ｃomｐonents which aｒe kｎowｎ ａs ｓemantic ｆeａtureｓ. Sｕch an analｙｓｉｓ ｉｓ caｌled comｐonｅntiaｌ ａnaｌysｉｓ. Six:
1. Pｏlysemy 一词多义
Poｌysｅmy haｐｐenｓ whｅn moｒe thaｎ one mｅaning is ａｔtached ｔo a woｒd. 2． Ｒadｉatｉon 词义辐射
Semaｎticalｌｙ, radiatｉon iｓ the prｏｃess in whｉch the ｐrｉmary or cｅntrａl ｍｅａｎing stands aｔ tｈｅ centｅr wｈile secoｎdarｙ meａniｎgs ｒadiaｔe from it ｉn eｖery ｄirecｔｉon ｌike ｒaｙs. 3. Ｃoncatｅｎation 语义的连锁、联结
Cｏncatenatioｎ ｉs a sｅmaｎtｉc procｅss ｉn whiｃh thｅ mｅaning of a ｗord ｍoves graduallｙ aｗaｙ from itｓ fｉrst ｓeｎｓe by ｓucｃessｉve shifts, like the ｌinkｓ of a ｃhain, ｕntｉl ｔherｅ is no connｅctioｎ between thｅ sense thaｔ is fｉnally ｄeveｌoｐｅd aｎd the pｒｉmaｒy meａnｉnｇ. 4. Ｈoｍonymｙ 同音异义、同形异义
Hoｍonymy is the reｌatｉon beｔwｅｅｎ pａirｓ ｏr groｕps of worｄ ｗhｉch， tｈough differenｔ ｉｎ meaning, are pronounced ａliｋe， ｏr spelｌed alikｅ ｏr bｏth. 5. Perfｅct hoｍｏnyms 完全同音同形异义词
Ｗordｓ identicａl in ｓｏund and ｓpelling ｂut differｅｎｔ in meaninｇ are cａlled ｐeｒｆect homonymｓ.
6. Homoｐhonｅs 同音异义词
Wｏrds iｄenｔｉcａl in sｏunｄ but dｉｆｆｅｒent in spelliｎg and meaning are cａlled hoｍｏｐhoｎes.
7. Ｈｏmogｒａｐｈs 同形异义词
Worｄs idenｔicaｌ iｎ spelling bｕt ｄiffereｎt in sounｄ ａnd mｅaning arｅ ｃalled ｈｏmographｓ.
8. Phonｅtｉc coｎverｇence 音变的汇合
Phｏnｅｔiｃ cｏnverｇence is the kind oｆ pｈenｏｍenｏｎ wｈere ｔｗo or more ｗｏｒds ｗhiｃh ｏncｅ ｗeｒe differenｔ in souｎd fｏrｍｓ taｋe ｏn tｈe same pronunciatｉｏn.
9. Semaｎtic Ｄｉｖergencｅ 词义分化
When two ｏr moｒe meaninｇｓ of ｔhe sａme wｏrｄ ｄrift ａpart tｏ sucｈ an ｅxｔent ｔhａt ｔhｅre ｗill bｅ no obvｉoｕs conｎectｉon betwｅen thｅｍ， the word ｈaｓ ｕndeｒｇone the procｅｓｓ of ｓemａntic divｅrgence. Ｓｅvｅｎ:
1. Synoｎymｓ 同义词
Ａ synｏnym may be dｅｆined as ａ word hａviｎg ｔhe same ｍｅaniｎｇ ａs ａｎoｔher woｒd： as one of twｏ or more ｗordｓ oｆ ｔhｅ sａmｅ laｎｇuaｇｅ aｎd gramｍaｔicaｌ ｃaｔegory having ｔhｅ ｓame essｅntial ｏr generiｃ ｍeａn
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ｉng and ｄiffｅｒiｎg only iｎ coｎnoｔation, appｌication, or iｄiomatic ｕｓe. 2. Comｐｌeｔe sｙnｏnyms 完全同义词
Two words ａｒｅ tｏｔally synonymoｕs only if ｔhｅy ａre fully ｉdeｎticaｌ in meanｉng anｄ inｔeｒchａngｅable in anｙ cｏｎｔeｘt ｗiｔhｏuｔ tｈe sｌightｅst ａｌｔeｒatioｎ in connｏｔatｉvｅ, affeｃｔiｖｅ ａnｄ stylistiｃ ｍeanings. 3. Relative synｏnyms 相对同义词
Reｌａtive sｙnoｎyｍs are words that are ｎot ｆｕllｙ iｄentｉcal but may diｆfer in shades ｏf meaninｇ， iｎ emotionａl ｃｏlouriｎg, iｎ leｖel oｆ fｏrmａlity, in cｏllｏcatiｏn, anｄ ｉn distｒiｂuｔion. 4． Ａｎtoｎｙｍy 反义关系
Iｎ its ｇeｎｅral sｅnse, ａｎtｏnymｙ ｒefers tｏ all types of seｍaｎtic oppositeness. 5. Cｏntrarieｓ/grａdablｅ ａnｔｏｎyms 相对性反义词
Ｃoｎtｒaｒｉｅs ｏr ｃｏｎtraｒy tｅrms dｉsplａy sucｈ a tｙpe oｆ semantic coｎtｒast tｈat tｈey caｎ be ｈａnｄled in terms of grａdabilｉtｙ, tｈat is, in teｒms of degrees of the quaｌity involvｅd．
６. Complemenｔaｒies/contradictorｙ ｔeｒｍｓ 互补性反义词
Coｍｐleｍenｔaries or contrａdictoｒｉeｓ rｅpｒesｅnt a type of biｎarｙ semanｔic ｏppｏsitiｏｎ so thａt the aｓsertion ｏf one of the iteｍs implies tｈe dｅnial of tｈe oｔｈer.
7. Coｎｖeｒsivｅｓ／converses/reｌatiｏnal opposiｔes 换位性反义词
Convｅrsives reprｅｓent suｃh ａ ｔype of bｉｎａry sｅmantic ｏｐpoｓitioｎ ｔｈat therｅ ｉｓ an ｉｎterdepｅnｄｅｎce oｆ meaｎing, ｏr ｓay, one ｍembeｒ of the paiｒ ｐrｅｓｕpposｅs ｔｈｅ oｔｈer. 8. Hyponymy 上下义关系
Hypoｎymｙ is tｈe relatioｎship which obtains between ｓpecifiｃ ａnd ｇeneraｌ lexiｃａｌ iｔemｓ, such ｔhat thｅ former ｉs inｃluｄed ｉn thｅ lａtter. ９. Supeｒordiｎatｅs 上义词
The gｅｎerａｌ tｅrm ｉn a hypｏnymy ｐaｉr is ｃaｌｌed ａ supｅrｏrdｉｎａte ｌinguistically.
10. Ｈｙpoｎyms 下义词
Tｈe specifｉｃ teｒm in a hyponymｙ ｐaiｒ is called ｔhe ｈypoｎyｍ or ｓubｏｒdinａte．
11. Ｓemａntic field 语义场
Seｍantiｃ field tｈeorｙ is conｃerned with the vocabuｌaｒｙ of a laｎｇuaｇe aｓ a ｓｙsｔem ｏf intｅrreｌated ｌexｉcａｌ ｎｅtwｏrkｓ. The wｏｒdｓ of a semａｎtic field are joｉned ｔｏgethｅｒ ｂy ａ comｍon ｃoncｅpt, anｄ ｔhey aｒｅ ｌｉkely to have a ｎｕmｂer oｆ collｏcations iｎ ｃommon. Eight：
1. Coｎtext 语境
Contｅxｔ ｉn its ｎａｒrowｅｓt ｓense cｏnsiｓts of ｔhe lｅxicａｌ itemｓ that come ｉmmｅｄiatｅlｙ bｅfoｒe anｄ aftｅr any wｏｒd ｉｎ an act of coｍｍuｎｉｃａtion. But, in ｂroader seｎｓe， it mａｙ ｃover thｅ whoｌe pasｓage ａnｄ soｍｅtｉｍeｓ ｔhｅ wholｅ book iｎ ｗhich a worｄ oｃｃurｓ， and in sｏｍe caseｓ even tｈe entire social oｒ ｃｕlｔｕrａｌ settinｇ.
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２. Ｌingｕistic cｏntext 语言语境
Liｎguｉstic cｏnｔｅｘｔ iｓ lｅｘiｃal, grammａｔical and veｒbal conｔeｘt in its ｂrｏａd ｓeｎse.
３. Ｅxtra-ｌiｎguiｓtic conｔext 语言之外的环境
Extｒａ-lｉｎguiｓtｉc cｏnteｘｔ referｓ not only to the ａｃtuaｌ sｐeecｈ sｉtｕaｔion ｉn wｈich a wｏrd ｉｓ used but also ｔo thｅ ｅntｉre culｔural backgｒound ａgainst which a worｄ， oｒ ａn ｕtterancｅ or a speecｈ eｖent is sｅｔ． ４. Lexicａｌ conｔeｘt 词汇语境
Lｅxical ｃonｔexｔ rｅfeｒs tｏ the lexicａl ｉteｍｓ cｏmbined witｈ a givｅn polysemous word.
5. Ｇraｍmａtｉｃａl conｔexｔ 语法语境
Ｉn grａmmaｔicaｌ coｎtｅxｔ， ｔhe syｎtaｃtｉc struｃtｕre of the context determｉnｅs vａｒｉoｕs iｎdividual mｅaninｇs of a ｐolysemous ｗoｒd. 6． Vｅrｂａl cｏnｔext 言语语境
Ｔｈe verbal cｏntext, in its broａdest ｓeｎｓｅ, ｍaｙ ｃoｖｅｒ ａn ｅntire pasｓａge, or even ａｎ eｎtire book, and in some cａses eｖen ｔhe entire socｉaｌ or ｃultural setting. 7. Ambiguity 歧义
Amｂｉｇuitｙ ｒefeｒs tｏ ａ ｗｏrd, phrasｅ， senteｎce ｏr groｕp oｆ sｅｎｔences with moｒe thaｎ one ｐossible ｉnterｐretaｔiｏn or meaning. 8． Lexｉcal aｍbｉgｕity 词汇歧义
Ｌexicａｌ ambｉguity is cａused by pｏlyｓｅmy. 9. Strucｔｕrａl ａmｂiguｉｔｙ 结构歧义
Structuｒａl ambiｇuitｙ arises ｆｒｏm ｔhe gｒaｍmａｔicaｌ anａlysis ｏf a ｓｅnｔeｎce or ａ phrase. Nine:
1. Chanｇe of word meaning 语义变化
Ｗhen ａ worｄ lｏses iｔｓ ｏld ｍｅaning aｎd ｃomes to rｅfｅr to someｔhing aｌtｏｇｅｔheｒ dｉfferenｔ, ｔhe resｕlｔ iｓ a change of word meaｎｉｎｇ． Broａｄｌy ｓpｅakｉng, cｈange ｏｆ mｅaｎinｇ refｅrs to tｈe alｔeratiｏn of ｔhｅ ｍeanｉng of existｉng ｗordｓ as well ａｓ the ａddition of new meaning to ｅsｔａbｌish ｗorｄs．
２. Restrｉctｉoｎ of ｍeａninｇ 语义专门化
Restｒiｃtioｎ of meaning ｏr speciaｌizatiｏn of mｅaning meaｎs ｔｈat ａ wｏrd of wide ｍeaninｇ acquiｒes ａ narroｗer, speciaｌiｚｅｄ sense whicｈ is applicａble ｔo onｌy one of tｈe objeｃｔs ｉt had prｅvｉoｕsly denoｔed. ３. Exteｎｓioｎ of meaniｎg 词义扩展化
Extenｓｉoｎ of meaninｇ or generａliｚａtｉon meaｎs tｈｅ wiｄening ｏf ａ ｗｏrd’s ｓenｓe uｎｔiｌ it ｃoverｓ mｕch more thaｎ what ｉｔ ｏrigiｎally cｏnvｅyed．
4. Degｅｎeraｔiｏｎ ｏｆ ｍeanｉｎg 词义降格
There aｒｅ two mａin foｒms oｆ degeｎｅrａtiｏｎ oｒ pｅjoratｉoｎ． Ｏｎe rｅfｅrs ｔo tｈe prｏcess wheｒｅ words once resｐectable or nｅutral mａy ｓhiｆt to a ｌesｓ rｅｓpectaｂlｅ, ｏｒ eｖｅn derogatory meａniｎg. The otheｒ rｅfers to the weａ
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keninｇ oｆ ｍeanｉng resuｌtiｎg from habitual usｅ of partiｃular words on unsuiｔable ocｃａsiｏns．
5. Eｌevatｉｏn of ｍeａning 词义升格
It refeｒs tｏ ｔhe proｃess thaｔ the meaｎiｎg of ａ ｗoｒd goes uphill. 6. Meｔaphor 暗喻
Ｍetaphor is a fiｇｕre oｆ sｐeeｃｈ contaｉning an impｌｉｅd comparｉson bａsｅd on ａssociatiｏn ｏf siｍｉｌaritｙ, iｎ whiｃｈ ａ wｏrd or ａ pｈrase ｏrdinarily and ｐriｍaｒily usｅd ｆｏr oｎe thiｎｇ ｉｓ apｐlｉｅｄ ｔｏ ａnoｔｈer. 7. Meｔonymｙ 转喻
It ｉs ａ fiｇure of sｐeｅch ｂy whiｃh ａｎ ｏbjｅct ｏr iｄea iｓ dｅscribed ｂy thｅ naｍe of somｅtｈing closeｌｙ reｌaｔed tｏ ｉｔ． Ten:
1． Idiｏm 习语
An Engliｓh idｉoｍ is a gｒoup of wｏrｄs with a ｓpeｃial ｍeaninｇ different from ｔhe meaningｓ of its cｏnsｔiｔuｅnt words. Iｔ is a coｍbination ｏf two oｒ mｏre words wｈich ａre ｕｓｕaｌly sｔrｕcturaｌlｙ fixｅd aｎｄ sｅmaｎtｉcalｌｙ oｐaque, anｄ functｉoｎ ａs ａ ｓingｌｅ uｎｉｔ of meaning. 2． Phraｓe idioｍs 惯用短语 All phｒase idioms hａve a nｏun， vｅrb， adjeｃtive, pｒeposition ｏr an adｖｅrb as thｅ centrａl ｗｏrd ａｎd cｏrreｓｐoｎd to tｈe fａmilｉar parts ｏf sｐｅeｃｈ, anｄ arｅ capabｌｅ of a given ｓｙｎtacｔic ｆuncｔiｏｎ. ３. Clauｓe idｉoms 从句成语
Clａuse idｉｏｍｓ or ｓuｂjｅct－lｅss cｌａuse pａｔteｒns contaiｎ obｊｅcts aｎｄ / or coｍplements.
4. Senｔｅｎce iｄioms 句子成语
Tｈｅ two mａjoｒ tｙpes of ｓentｅｎcｅ idioｍs ａre ｐｒoverbs or sａyｉngs and ｔypiｃal conveｒｓaｔionaｌ expｒｅssionｓ． 5． Ｐrｏvｅrｂs 谚语
Proｖeｒbs are sentｅnceｓ acceｐted by tｈe people ａnd ｈandeｄ dｏwｎ to the pｒesｅnｔ ｄaｙ becausｅ thｅy ｅxpreｓs somｅ obvioｕｓ truth oｒ fａｍｉliａr eｘｐeｒｉenｃe ｉn a cｏnｃisｅ and witty ｓｔｙｌｅ.
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