We are reproducing a slightly edited version of 'What is Marxism?'by Rob Sewell and Alan Woods, last published in 1983 to celebrate thecentenary of the death of Karl Marx. The three articles on thefundamental aspects of Marxism, Marxist Economics, DialecticalMaterialism and Historical Materialism were originally publishedseparately in the 1970s. These articles are a good, briefintroduction to the basic methods of Marxism and can serve as a firstapproach to the ideas developed by Marx and Engels.
An Introduction to Dialectical Materialism Introduction to Historical Materialism Introduction to Marxist Economics1983 Introduction
Marxism, or Scientific Socialism, is the name given to the body ofideas first worked out by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels(1820-1895). In their totality, these ideas provide a fullyworked-out theoretical basis for the struggle of the working class toattain a higher form of human society--socialism.
While the conceptions of Marxism have been subsequently developedand enriched by the historical experience of the working classitself, the fundamental ideas remain unshaken, providing a firmfoundation for the Labour Movement today. Neither before, nor sincethe lifetime of Marx and Engels have any superior, more truthful orscientific theories been advanced to explain the movement of societyand the role of the working class in that movement. A knowledge ofMarxism therefore equips the proletariat theoretically for the greathistoric task of the Socialist transformation of Society.
It is this fact which explains the constant and bitter attacks onall aspects of Marxism which have been delivered by every conceivabledefender of the existing social order--from the Tory to the Fabian,from the Jesuit priest to the University professor. From the veryspleen of these attacks, to the fact that they have to be kept upcontinuously despite the fact that every single one of the pundits inturn claims to have \"finally disposed\" of Marxism, the thinkingmember of the Labour Movement can deduce two facts. First, that thedefenders of capitalism recognise in Marxism the most dangerouschallenge to their system, and thereby also instantly confess thetruth in it, despite all their attempts to \"disprove\" it. Second,that far from disappearing under the heap of abuse, quack\"exposures\ flagrant distortions, the theories of Marx andEngels are steadily gaining ground, particularly within the activelayers of th
什么是马克思主义？
我们重放稍微编辑版本的“什么是马克思主义？”Rob维尔和艾伦伍兹，去年发表在1983庆祝卡尔马克思逝世一百周年纪念。论马克思主义，马克思主义经济学理论方面的三篇文章，辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原本单独出版年代。这些文章是一个很好的问题，以马克思主义的基本方法，可以作为由马克思和恩格斯开发的思路初探。
辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义的介绍介绍马克思主义经济学1983介绍
马克思主义，或科学社会主义，是指主体思想的第一工作由卡尔马克思（1818－1883）和弗里德里希恩格斯（1820-1895）。在他们的整体，这些观点提供了充分的工作对工人阶级获得更高的人类社会形态的理论基础——社会主义斗争。
而马克思主义的概念已经有了后来发展的工人阶级自身的历史经验丰富，基本思想仍然是不可动摇的，提供了一个坚实的基础的今天，劳工运动。以前不是，也不是因为马克思的一生和恩格斯有任何优势，更真实的科学理论来解释社会的工人阶级运动，运动中的作用。知识使无产阶级的马克思主义理论因此社会的社会主义改造的伟大历史任务。
这说明了恒苦上马克思主义的攻击方面已由现行社会秩序的每一个可以想象的后卫——从保守到费边，从耶稣会神父的大学教授。从这些袭击很脾，这个事实，他们必须保持连续尽管专家的每一个也声称有“最后处置”马克思主义，劳工运动的成员可以推断出两个事实的思考。第一，在马克思主义体系最危险的挑战资本主义认识的捍卫者，从而也立刻坦白真相的话，尽管他们试图“反驳”。第二，远离消失的滥用堆下，江湖的“风险”，公然的扭曲，马克思和恩格斯理论的稳步增长，特别是在劳工运动的有源层，随着越来越多的工人，资本主义的危机的冲击下，努力发现它的形状生命的力量真正的意义，为了能够有意识地影响并决定自己的命运。
e Labour Movement, as increasing numbers of workers,under the impact of the crisis of capitalism, strive to discover thereal meaning of the forces which shape their lives, in order to beable to consciously influence and determine their own destiny.
The theories of Marxism provide the thinking worker with such anunderstanding--a thread which is capable of leading him through theconfused labyrinth of events, of the complex processes of society, ofeconomics, of the struggle of classes, of politics. Armed with thissword the worker can cut the Gordian knot which binds him to themightiest obstacle in the way of the advancement of himself and hisclass--ignorance.
It is to keep this knot firmly in place that the hiredrepresentatives of the ruling class struggle with might and main todiscredit Marxism in the eyes of the working class. It is the duty ofevery serious worker of the Labour Movement to conquer for himself orherself the theories of Marx and Engels, as an essential prerequisitefor the conquest of society by the working people.
Yet there are obstacles in the path of the worker's struggle fortheory and understanding far more intractable than the scribblings ofpriests and professors. A man or woman who is obliged to toil longhours in industry, who has not had the benefit of a decent educationand consequently lacks the habit of reading, finds great difficultyin absorbing some of the more complex ideas, especially at theoutset. Yet it was for workers that Marx and Engels wrote, and notfor \"clever\" students and middle class people. \"Every beginning isdifficult\" no matter what science we are talking about. Marxism is ascience and therefore makes heavy demands upon the beginner. Butevery worker who is active in the trade unions or Labour Party knowsthat nothing is worthwhile if attained without a degree of struggleand sacrifice. It is the activists in the Labour Movement at whom thepresent pamphlet is aimed. To the active worker who is prepared topersevere, one promise can be made: once the initial effort is madeto come to grips with unfamiliar and new ideas, the theories ofMarxism will be found to be basically straight-forward and simple.Moreover--and this should be emphasised--the worker who acquires bypatient effort an understanding of Marxism will turn out to be abetter theoretician than most students, just because he can grasp theideas not merely in the abstract, but concretely, as applied to hisown life and work.
All exploiting classes attempt to morally justify their class ruleby portraying them, as the highest, most natural form of socialdevelopment, deliberately concealing the system of e
马克思主义理论工作者提供思考这样的理解——一个线程能够引导他通过事件的混乱的迷宫，社会的，经济的复杂过程，阶级斗争，政治。带着这把剑的工人可以削减将他在自己和班上的进步最大的障碍的死结——无知。
把这个结牢，聘请代表统治阶级的斗争可能主要让大家怀疑主义在工人阶级的眼睛。它是工人运动来征服自己的职责各严重的工人或自己的马克思和恩格斯的理论，作为一个重要的前提工作社会人的征服。
然而，有障碍物的路径中的工人斗争理论和理解远比祭司和教授更棘手的涂鸦。一个男人或女人必须在产业漫长辛苦，谁没有一个像样的教育效益，因此缺乏阅读的习惯，很难以吸收一些更复杂的想法，尤其是首先。然而，这是工人，马克思和恩格斯写的，并不是“聪明”的学生和中产阶级的人。”每个开始难“无论我们谈论的是什么是科学。马克思主义是科学的，因此提出了很高的要求，对初学者。而是关系到每个工人的工会和工党知道，没有什么是值得如果没有一定程度的斗争和牺牲达到活动的人。它是在工人运动活动家谁在本手册的目的是。对活动的工人准备坚持，一个承诺可以：一旦最初的努力，来与不熟悉的和新的想法相握，马克思主义的理论将被认为是基本的简单直接。以上——这应该是强调——谁获得病人的努力，对马克思主义的一种理解会是更好的理论家比大多数学生工作者，只因为他能把握的思想不只是抽象的，而是具体的，适用于自己的生活和工作。
一切剥削阶级的道德证明他们试图统治阶级通过描绘他们，作为社会发展的最高，最自然的形式，故意隐瞒eangers系统，精心发展一个全新的哲学和道德才使他们在社会中的统治地位。
angers on, haveelaborately evolved a whole new philosophy and morality to justifytheir ruling position in society.
The working class, on the contrary, has no material interest indistorting the truth, and sets itself the task of laying bare therealities of capitalism in order to consciously prepare for itsemancipation. Far from seeking a special position for itself, theworking class has the aim of abolishing capitalism and with it allclass distinctions and privileges. To do so it must reject theoutlook of the capitalists, and seek for itself a new Marxist methodof understanding.
The Marxist method provides a richer, fuller, more comprehensiveview of society and life in general, and clears away the veil ofmysticism in understanding human and social development. Marxistphilosophy explains that the driving force of history is neither\"Great Men\" nor the super-natural, but stems from the development ofthe productive forces (industry, science, technique, etc.)themselves. It is economics, in the last analysis, that determinesthe conditions of life, the habits and consciousness of human beings.
Each new re-organisation of society--be it slavery, feudalism orcapitalism--has ushered in an enormous development of the productiveforces which in turn gave men and women greater powers over nature.As soon as a social system proves unable to develop these forces ofproduction, then that society enters an epoch of revolution. However,in the case of the change from capitalism to socialism, the processis not automatic but requires the conscious intervention of theworking class to carry through this task of history. Failure to do soin the long run would pave the way for the advent of reaction andeventual world war.
Capitalism has once again entered a new world economic crisisresulting in mass unemployment on the lines of the 1930s. The quacktheories of capitalist economists have proved utterly incapable ofpreventing recessions, which has driven the ruling class to ditchKeynesianism and re-adopt the old measures of \"sound financehe situation this latter programmehas served to deepen and prolong the crisis!
Only Marxism has been able to expose the contradictions ofCapitalism which result periodically in depression and slump.Capitalism has now completely exhausted its historical role indeveloping the productive basis of society. Hemmed in by the nationstate and private ownership, the productive forces are systematicallydestroyed in the face of the mass overpr oduction of commodities andcapital.
工人阶级，相反，在扭曲事实没有物质利益，和自己设定的铺设赤裸的近代资本主义为自觉的解放准备任务。远离寻求一个特殊的定位，工人阶级已经废除资本主义的目的和它所有的阶级差别和特权。这样做必须反对资本家的外型，并为自己寻求新马克思主义方法的理解。
马克思主义的方法提供了更丰富，更充实，更全面的社会和生活在一般人看来，并且清除在理解人类社会发展的神秘面纱。马克思主义哲学解释历史的动力不是“伟人”也不是超自然的，但是出于发展的生产力（工业，科学，技术，自己等。）。这是经济学，在最后的分析，决定的生活条件，生活习惯和人类意识。
每一个新的重新组织的社会——它是奴隶制，封建社会和资本主义——已经迎来了一个巨大的生产力的发展又反过来给男性和女性更大的权力的性质。当一个社会系统无力开发这些军队的生产，那么，社会进入了一个划时代的革命。然而，在从资本主义向社会主义的转变的过程不是自动的，但需要工人阶级的有意识的干预来进行这项任务的历史。未能在长期为反应和最终的世界大战即将来临。
资本主义已经再次进入了一个新的世界经济危机导致20世纪30年代的线在大规模失业。庸医理论的资本主义的经济学家已经证明完全无法防止经济衰退，它驱动了统治阶级放弃凯恩斯主义和重新采取“财务”的老办法，货币主义。而不是救援情况这一程序餐用来加深和延长危机！
只有马克思主义已经能够揭露资本主义矛盾导致抑郁和衰退周期。资本主义已经完全耗尽了它的历史地位在社会生产的基础。包围了民族国家和私人所有权，生产力是系统地摧毁面对大众对商品和资本的生产。
As Marx himself explained: \"In these crises there breaks out anepidemic that in all earlier epochs, would have seemed anabsurdity--the epidemic of overproduction.
\"Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of monetarybarbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of destructionhas cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry andcommerce seem to be destroyed. And why? Because there is too muchcivilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, toomuch commerce.
The productive forces at the disposal of society nolonger tend to further the development of the conditions of Bourgeoisproperty; on the contrary they have become too powerful for theseconditions by which they are fettered, and so as soon as theyovercome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole ofBourgeois society, endanger the existence of Bourgeois property.\"
The present pamphlet brings together for the first time the threesupplements of the South Wales Bulletin of Marxist Studies (firstpublished in the 1970s) as a small contribution to the increasingthirst for the ideas of Marxism. It is also fitting that the issue ofthe pamphlet coincides with the centenary of Karl Marx's death, on 14March 1883, the co-founder with Engels, of scientific socialism.This pamphlet however is not intended to provide a completeexposition of Marxism, but to assist the worker-student in hisapproach to the subject by giving a rough outline of some basicideas, plus a selected reading list with which he may continue hisstudies. Marx and Engels themselves wrote many brief pamphlets andshorter explanatory works aimed at popularising their theories amongthe working class, and these provide the basis of the suggestedreading list.
The study of Marxism falls under three main headings,corresponding broadly to philosophy, social history and economics,or, to give them their correct names, Dialectical Materialism,Historical Materialism and the Labour Theory of Value. These are thefamous \"three component parts of Marxism\" of which Lenin wrote.
Rob Sewell and Alan Woods
18 February, 1983
正如马克思自己解释说：“在这些危机发生一种传染病，在更早的时代，似乎有点荒谬——生产过剩的流行。
“社会突然发现自己回到了货币的野蛮状态；仿佛是一次饥荒，一个普遍的战争的破坏已经切断了全部生活资料；工商似乎被摧毁。为什么呢？因为有太多的文明，太多的生存手段，太多太多的工业，商业。
在社会生产力不处理更进一步的资产阶级的发展状况；对他们有这些条件所束缚的过于强大，相反的，所以当他们克服这种障碍，他们把整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，危及资产阶级所有制的存在。“
本小册子汇集了首次马克思主义研究的南威尔士公告（firstpublished在20世纪70年代）的作为马克思主义的思想到increasingthirst小额捐款的threesupplements。这也是恰当的问题OFTHE小册子与卡尔·马克思逝世一百周年，在14March 1883重合，共同创办人与恩格斯的科学socialism.This小册子，但并不打算提供马克思主义的completeexposition，而是协助工人学生hisapproach到被摄物体进行
给人一种粗线条一些basicideas，再加上选择的阅读清单，使他可以继续hisstudies。马克思和恩格斯自己写了很多简短的小册子andshorter旨在推广他们的理论amongthe工人阶级的解释工作，而这些提供suggestedreading列表的基础。
马克思主义的研究分以下三个主要方面，对应广泛的哲学，社会历史与经济学，或者，给他们正确的名字，辩证唯物主义，历史唯物主义与劳动价值论。这是著名的“马克思主义的三个组成部分”，列宁写的。
罗布·休厄尔和艾伦·伍兹
1983年2月18日
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