一、陈述句 1、概述
用来叙述一个事实或观点的句子叫陈述句(declarative sentence)。陈述句有肯定和否定两种形式，一般用降调，句末用句号。
They lead an active life which keeps up their normal body temperature, even in very cold winter weather.他们生活很活跃，即使在严寒的冬天也能保持正常的体温。
If you do have difficulties, it is better to try again another day.如果你的确有困难，最好改天再试一试。
This is a most troublesome case. 这是一个非常麻烦的案子。 2、语序
陈述句的语序一般是“主语+谓语部分”，或“主语+系动词+表语”。 Plants grow well all the year round.一年四季植物生长良好。
His strong will doubled their efforts. 他的坚强意志使得他们加倍努力。 They read their own poems to each other.他们互相朗诵自己的诗歌。 I felt the floor move. 我感到地板在移动。
Radioactive matter is dangerous to work with.从事放射性物质工作是危险的。 That sounds a great idea! 听起来这是一个极好的主意！ Her whole body went cold. 她全身发冷。 3、否定结构
（1）用not和助动词或情态动词否定
not一般放在助动词或情态动词之后。
The villagers didn't allow them to do this. 村民们没有允许他们这样做。
If they cannot do this, they have not really learned the spirit of the foreign language and cannot use it freely. 如果做不到这一点，他们就没有真正掌握外语的本质，也就不能运用自如。 （2）用否定副词或代词否定
not以外的否定词no、none、nobody、nothing、never、seldom、hardly、little、neither、nor等也构成陈述句的否定式。
None of you watched carefully enough. 你们当中谁都观察得不够仔细。
Song writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the US 歌曲作者不再写美国的现代价值。
We have never had women working in this part of our company before. 我们以前从来没有让女人在我们的公司这个部门工作过。 （3）部分否定
不定代词或副词如all、both、every, everybody, every day everything, everyone, many, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often与not连用时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”等。
But I'm determined to enjoy myself as much as possible even though I can't see everything. 但是我决定要尽可能玩个痛快，即使我看不到所有的地方。
Not all the parts of the car will be made in the factory. 并不是所有的汽车部件都在这家工厂制造。
How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer. 电话是怎样工作的这个问
题并不是每一个都能回答上来的。
He is not absolutely wrong.他并不全错。 Every couple is not a pair.完美的婚姻少。 （4)双重否定
双重否定是指同一句子里出现两个否定词，即否定之否定。双重否定表示的意义是肯定的，通常比肯定句语气更重。这种结构有：no…not, no(not)…without, no…but, can’t but+动词（不得不）, can’t help doing, none but等。
He doesn’t lend his book to nobody.他的书没有哪本不借。 He can’t make anything out of nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊。 Man can’t live without water.没有水人类无法生存。 （5）几乎否定
几乎否定又称半否定，表示整个句子的意思接近否定。常用的词有little, few, seldom, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely等。
I have too little time to finish this work. 我的时间太少了，不能完成这项工作。 She is old and rarely goes out.她年纪大了，很少外出。
They had barely time to catch the plane.他们差点没来得及赶上飞机。 （6）否定转移
①宾语从句的否定转移
某些句子结构中，本应放在that从句中的否定词not往往被移至主句的谓语动词前，这种现象叫转移否定，这类动词believe, expect, suppose, think, imagine, fancy, reckon等候的宾语从句否定时否定主句谓语动词。主句主语是第一人称的一般现在时态。
We don't think there is anything of interest in your pictures.我们认为你的画没有什么有趣的地方。
I don't believe it's necessary to buy the bigger one. 我认为没有必要买容量大一点的。 ②否定主语转移否定谓语
No sound was heard.没听到声音。
Neither of them had their tickets. 他们都没有票。 ③否定谓语转为否定状语
He doesn’t study in the classroom.他不在教室里学习。 He was not playing all the time.他没有一直玩。 ④否定介词转移否定谓语
On no condition should the circuit be over loaded.电路在任何情况下都不得超负荷。 At no time will he give in.他任何时候都不会低头。 二、疑问句
疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出问题，句末须用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。 1、一般疑问句 （1）概述
一般疑问句(general question)用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答。
-Hasn't he passed the final examination?期末他没有及格吗？ -Yes, he has. 不，他及格了。 -Are you a teacher?你是老师吗？ -No, I’m not.不，我不是。
（2）基本结构
“be、have、助动词或情态动词+主语+谓语” -Are you good at sailing? 你赛艇很行吧？
-Yes,in fact, I'm on our city team.是的，事实上，我是市赛艇队的。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours? 10年前的一个下午，我到你家借过一条项链，你还记得吗？ （3）否定疑问句
在一般疑问句的否定结构中，not放在主语之后，也常用缩略式，即将-n't和句首的be、have、助动词或情态动词连在一起。一般疑问句的否定结构往往用来表示提问人的惊讶、怀疑、邀请、赞叹等，回答时，yes后接肯定结构，no后接否定结构。
Isn't it easier to stay in the same place? 留在原地难道不更舒服一些吗？ Haven't you heard of him? 难道你没听说过他吗？
Can't you just wear a flower instead? 难道不可以就戴朵花吗？ - Didn't he come to see you yesterday?他昨天没有去看你吗？ -No, he didn't.是的，他没来。 （4）可以不用yes和no回答的一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常情况下用yes、no来回答，但在很多情况下需根据具体情况用其它答语，如certainly、of course、all right、not at all、perhaps、never，no way等。 ①回答介意与否
-Would you mind if I open the window?我开开窗户你介意吗？ -Not at tall. (Certainly not!, Of course not)不介意。
- I’m sorry but I would. It’s could outside.对不起我介意，外面太冷了。 ②拒绝或不能给予满意回答而表示道歉
-Could you come to the party this evening?你晚上能来参加完会吗？ -I’d love to, but you see I’m too busy.我愿意去，但我太忙了。
- That’s very kind of you, but I’m afraid I can’t.你真好，到我恐怕去不了。 -Can you return the book in two days?你两天能还书吗？
-Sorry, but I can return it in four days.对不起，但我四天后能还。 -Is he a proper person for the job?他是干这项工作的合适人选吗？ - I don’t think so.我不这样想。 ③接受邀请或要求
-will you send her a note for me ?你代我把这个纸条给她好吗？ - I’d be glad to.乐意效劳。
-May I look at the picture?我看看照片可以吗？ -Certainly. Here you are.当然。给你。 ④回答带有责备意味的句子
-Do you remember what I told you before?我以前告诉你的话你还记得吗？ - I’m sorry, sir.对不起先生。
—I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.我认为你该打电话给珍妮并向他道歉。 —No way. It was her fault.决不，那不是我的错。 ⑤对提问作出主观判断
-Are the shoes too big?这双鞋太大吧？ -I think they are all right.我看正合适。 -Is anything the matter? 出了什么事吗？
-Of course. 当然了。
-Will he lend me some money? 他会把钱借给我吗? - Certainly not!当然不会！ ⑥对提出问题的不能确定
-Who’s taken my pen?谁把握的钢笔拿走了？ -Let me see. Ah, it’s Tom.我想想。奥，是汤姆。 2、特殊疑问句 （1）概述
特殊疑问句(special question)是用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句，以疑问词开头。 How shall I do it? 我怎样做呢？ What time will you come?你什么时候来？ When will we leave?我们什么时候离开? Where are you from? 你从什么地方来？
Who else's raincoat can this be?这还可能是其他什么人的雨衣呢? Which do you want? 你要哪个？ （2）种类
疑问词分为两种：疑问代词和疑问副词。 ①疑问代词构成的特殊疑问句
疑问代词who 谁（主格），whom谁（宾格），whose谁的，what什么，which哪个，用来对主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等提问。
What will the money be used for? 资金用在什么上面呢？
Which speech are you going to listen to this afternoon? 今天下午你打算听哪个报告？ Whose is this? 这是谁的？
Whose garden do you think looks the nicest? 你觉得谁家的花园最好看？
What happened before printing was invented? 在印刷术发明以前是怎样的情况呢？ ② 疑问副词
疑问副词when什么时候，where什么地方，why为什么，how怎样，用来对状语、表语、补语、定语等提问。
-Where are you travelling to, Gary? 加里，你打算去哪儿旅行？ -To London.去伦敦。
How long will it take you to complete the trip? 走完全程需要多长时间？ How are you getting along with your English lesson? 你学习英语的情况怎么样？ When did you last go to the seaside? 你最后一次什么时候去的海边？ How many of you are making the trip?你们有多少人参加这次旅行？ ③which和what用法区别
which、what均可与名词连用，来就人或物提出疑问。当选择余地不大时，一般用which；当选择余地比较大而到底有多少种可能性还不清楚时常用what。
What harm does it do after all? 这到底有什么样的危害？
Which parent is more important in the first year of life? 在出生后的第一年，父亲与母亲哪一位更重要？
④how与what…like用法区别
对人和事物的性质（或持久的特性）提问用“what...like?”；询问变化的事物，如暂时的情况、情绪等用how。询问天气，用“what…like…?”；问候别人的健康，用how。
-What is your mother like? 你母亲是怎样一个人？
-She is a very nice person.她这个人非常好。
How does the boss look this morning?老板早上脸色如何?
What's the weather going to be like at the weekend? 周末天气怎么样？ -How is he? 他身体怎么样？ -He is very well.他很好。 ⑤how often与how soon的区别
how often询问做某事的频率；how soon询问多长时间以后做某事。 How often do you go there? 你去那的次数如何？ How soon can you be ready? 你多久才能准备好？ （3）特殊疑问句的语序
①陈述句语序
疑问词作主语，或者作定语修饰主语，语序与陈述句的语序相同，指对主语进行提问。 What has made this lake so salty? 是什么东西使得湖水这样咸呢？ Who gave you that book?谁给你的那本书？ ②疑问句语序
另一种是“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序，其中疑问词作宾语、表语、定语或状语。 What did you give her to eat? 你给她吃什么东西？
-Why do you want the book so badly? 为什么你这么想要这本书呢？ -To study.为了学习。 （4）使用特殊疑问句应注意的几点
①Why开头的否定疑问句常表建议或请求
Since you have to stay at home, why don't you do some reading? 既然你得待在家里，为什么不读点书呢？
Why don't you try this one on?你何不试试这一套呢？
②用特殊疑问句表惊奇、愤怒等感情，可用它的强调形式，在疑问词后加ever、on earth、in the world等。
How ever shall we get there? 我们到底如何到那里去？ Why on earth was he so nervous? 他到底为什么如此紧张？ ③特殊疑问句有一些缩略结构
How/What about…表建议、请求、邀请、异议或征求对方意见, Why not do ?用于提出建议；why do?表示志文、指责等。
What about when we leave? 我们离开时该做些什么呢？
What about the three of us going to Beijing for a week? 我们三个人去北京一周怎么样？ How about chocolate?巧克力怎么样？ Why not do something? 为什么不干点事呢？
Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格？ Why give him so much money?你怎么给他那么多钱？
④复合特殊疑问句用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见，由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构复合而成。在这种复合结构中，特殊疑问句变成了一般疑问句结构中的宾语。
Why do you think we can't change your note? 为什么你认为我们找不开你的票子呢？ Which food do you think is healthy? 你认为哪种食物是健康食物？ 3、反意疑问句 （1）概述
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句(tag question)，附在陈述句后，对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，
由“be、have、助动词或情态动词+主语（与陈述句的主语相同）”构成，答语用yes或no。
如果陈述句是肯定结构，其后的附加疑问句用否定结构，反之，陈述句是否定结构，其后的附加疑问句即是肯定结构。
She looks quiet enough, doesn't she? 她看上去足够平静，不是吗？ -You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?你去过北京吗？
- No,I haven’t. How I wish to go there! 没，还没有。我多么想去啊！
If I knew the answer, I wouldn't be working, would I? 如果我知道答案了，我就不用费事了，是吗？
Susan's found her pass, hasn't she? 苏珊找到她的护照了，是吗？
He is expected to make a speech this afternoon, isn’t he? 预料他今天下午要讲话，他会吗？ The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, didn’t it?他没通过驾照考试的消息使他很失望，是吗？
注意：前否定后肯定反意疑问句的答语
在回答否定主句的反意疑问句时，否定回答要用“No＋否定短句”；肯定回答要用“Yes＋肯定短句”，二者不可混用。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。 -She hasn’t got up, has she? 她还没有起床，是吗？ -Yes, she has.不，她已经起来了。 No, she hasn’t. 是的，她还没起来。
反意疑问句用法歌诀 反意疑问句三要点，前后谓语正相反。 短句not如出现，必须缩写是习惯。 最后一点须注意，短句代词作主语。 反意疑问句回答方法歌诀 回答反意疑问句，答案含义是依据， 肯定事实用yes，否定事实no替。 （2） 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that, these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语不再用指示代词，而要用it或they代替。
That isn’t your desk, is it?那不是你的桌子，是吗？ These are interesting stories, aren't they?这些故事很有趣，是吗？ （3)当陈述部分的主语是“I'm...”结构时，疑问部分一般用aren't I。 I'm late for class, aren't I?我迟到了，是吗？ I'm doing well, aren't I?我干得很好，不是吗？
（4）当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, somebody, nobody, none等合成代词时，附加疑问部分的主语多用they，但也可用he。
Everyone came here, didn't they?都来了，是吗？
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?我不在时，没人给我打电话，是吗？
（5）当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时，疑问部分的主语用it。 Everything is ready, isn't it?都准备好了，是吗？ Nothing was said, was it ? 什么也没说，对吗？
Nothing can stop us ,can it? 没有什么能阻止我们，是吗？
（6）当陈述部分以不定代词one作主语，疑问部分的主语在正式的场合用one，在非正式场合用you。 One can’t be too careful, can one(you)?怎么细心都不为过，你说呢？ One should learn from others, shouldn’t one(you)?人要想别人学习，是吗？ （7）当陈述部分是“there be+主语+其它”结构时，疑问部分要用“be(not)+there”结构。 There is a book on the desk, isn't there?桌子上有本书，是吗？
There used to be a lot of coal mines in the south, didn't there?过去在南部有大量煤矿，不是吗？
（8）当陈述部分的主语是“I don’t think (suppose, believe)+that从句”结构时，疑问部分的主语
和谓语须和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上相一致,并且还要用肯定形式。
I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they?我认为没人会自愿去做，是吗？ I don't think you've heard of him before, have you?我想你从前没听说过他，是吗?
I think it is your duty to stick to the fighting post at any time, isn't it? 我认为无论何时坚持你的战斗岗位都是你的责任，对不？
I don't suppose you are serious, are you? 我想你不是认真的，是吗？ 注意：主句的主语不是第一人称时I是不存在这种情况。 You don’t think he can finish the work, do you?
（9）当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，有两种情况： ①have作“有”解时，可有两种形式。
He has a new book, hasn’t/doesn't he?他有一本新书，是吗？
He has a lot of money, hasn’t /doesn’t he? 他有很多钱，是吗？ ②have表示其它意思时，只用do的相应形式。
He seldom has lunch at school, does he ? 他在学校很少吃午饭，是吗？
His wife had the front door painted green yesterday, didn't she? 他妻子昨天请人把房子刷成了绿色的，是吧？
（10）当陈述部分有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分的谓语动词用ought(oughtn’t)代替。
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?这种事是不允许的，是不是？ He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?他应当受到惩罚，是吗？ 但在非正式文体中，用ought we not形式。
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go, should we not/shouldn't we? （11）当陈述部分有情态动词used to时，疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式。
He used to live in Beijing, use(d)n’t he/didn't he?他在北京住过，是吗？
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there/didn't there?战前这里曾有座电影院，是吗？
(12)当陈述部分有情态动词must时，常用的有三种情况： ①must表示“必须”、“禁止”等时，疑问部分用must(mustn't)。 I must answer the letter, mustn't I?我必须回信，是吗？ You mustn’t on grass, must you?你不能呆在草地上，知道吗？ must表示“有必要”时，附加疑问部分则用needn't。 You must go home right now, needn't you?
②当must用来对现在的情况进行“推测”时，疑问部分的谓语要根据must之后的动词不定式采用相应的形式。
You must be tired, aren't you?你一定是累了，是吗？
She must be bad at physics, isn't she? 她物理一定不好，不是吗？ You must know it, do you? 你肯定知道，是吗？
③当must用来对过去的情况进行“推测”(must+have+过去分词)时，若强调对过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“didnt+主语”；若强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“haven't(hasn't)+主语”。
He must have been working here for 20 years, hasn't he? 他一定在这工作了20年，是吗？ You must have seen him yesterday, didn't you? 昨天你一定看见他了，不是吗？ （13）当陈述部分有have to或has to, had to时，疑问部分一般用do的相应形式。
We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?我们明天得四点起床，是吗？
They had to leave early, didn't they?他们早走是不得已，是不是？ （14）当陈述部分有had better时，疑问部分用hadn't或shouldn't。
You’d better go with me, hadn’t you/shouldn't you?你最好和我一起走，好吗？ He’d better leave, hadn’t he?他最好离开，是吗？
（15）当陈述部分有seldom, hardly, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分要用肯定形式。
She never tells a lie, does she? 她从不撒谎是吧？ She hardly ever speaks to you in English, does she? 她几乎没和你用英语说话，是吗？ Few people know her, do they? 几乎没有人认识她，是吗？ She seldom goes to work late, does she? 她很少上班迟到，是吗？
（16）当陈述部分的谓语是带有否定词缀（前缀或后缀）的动词时，疑问部分仍用否定结构。
They disliked playing football, didn't they?他不喜欢踢球，是吗？ He is unsuccessful, isn't he? 他没成功，是吗？
（17）当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望wish等时，疑问部分的谓语动词用may而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。
I wish to go home now, may I?我想回家，行吗？
I wish to go with you, may I? 我想和你一起去，行吗？ （18）感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，并用be的一般现在时
What a lovely day, isn't it?多好的天气啊！
How cool the weather is, isn't it?天怎么这么冷！ What a stupid fellow, isn’t he?多傻的小子啊！
（19）祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式
①Let’s引导的祈使句，其反意疑问句一般用“shall we?”。 Let's discuss it now, shall we? 让我们现在讨论它，好吗？
It's a fine day. Lets go fishing, shall we? 多好的天。我们去钓鱼吧？ ②由let us/him/ them（不是let’s）引导的反意疑问句表示“请求”（不包括听话人）时，一般用“will you”。
Let us go home, will you?让我们回家好吗？
Let him go with you, will you?让他跟你去，好吗？ ③let me 开头的反意疑问句可用will you，也可用may I。 Let me do it for you, may I?我替你做，行吗？ Let me have a rest, will you?我歇一会好吗？
④祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式；如果祈使句为肯定式，疑问部分有时可用否定式。肯定形式在语气上更委婉客气。
Pass me the book, will you/won't you?递给我那本书，好吗？ Be sure to write to us, will you? 一定给我写信，好吗？ ⑤如果祈使句为否定式，疑问部分只能用肯定式。
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?请不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？ Don’t speak aloud any more, will you?别在大声喧哗了好吗？
（20）陈述部分用neither…nor, not only…but also等连接主语时，疑问部分主语应用复数。 Neither you nor I can do it, can we?你和我都不会，是吗？ Neither she nor you can answer，can you?你俩都不会回答，是吗？
（21）当陈述部分的主语是I，当疑问部分用来征求对方的意见时，其主语常用you，这时附加疑问部分实际上等于另外一个句子，相当于what/how about you?/what do you think?。
I find English very interesting, don’t you?(=What about you?)我认为英语很有趣，你怎么想？ I don’t think John will come today, do you?(=What do you think?)我认为约翰今天不来了，你说呢？
（22）陈述部分是并列句时，疑问部分常对后一个句子进行反问。
He is a teacher and he has taught English for 20 years, hasn’t he?他是一位老师，教英语20年了，是吗？
Tom has been doing the experiment all afternoon, but he should have finished it by now, shouldn't he? 汤姆一下午在做实验，但他现在应该完成了，不是吗？
（23）陈述部分含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，疑问部分的谓语动词和主语一般同主句的谓语动词和主语保持一致。I (don’t) think, believe, suppose, figure, imagine, reckon, expect, seem等+宾语从句结构出外（参考本章第（8）条）
He says that I did it, didn't he? 他说我做的这件事，不是吗？
Mary thinks you will come to the meeting, doesn’t she?玛丽认为你不来参加会议，是吗？（主语不是第一人称I）
（24）陈述部分含有主语从句，反意疑问句的主语用it。
What he lacks is confidence, isn’t it?他所缺乏的是信心，是吗？ Where you are seated is not important, is it?坐在哪里并不重要，是吗？ 4、选择疑问句
选择疑问句（alternative question）提供两种（或两种以上）情况，问对方选择哪一种，其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，在提供的情况之间用连词or，前者用升调，后者用降调，回答要求用
比较完整的句子。
-Which do you prefer, horse-riding or shooting? -你喜欢什么，骑马还是射击？ -I prefer horse-riding.-我喜欢骑马。
-Is Susan still at school, or has she left(school)? -苏珊仍在读书呢，还是己经毕业了？ -She is still at school.-她仍在读书。
-Was the peach ripe or green? -桃子是熟的还是生的？ -It was a bit green. -有点生。 三、祈使句 1、概述
祈使句(imperative sentence)表命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。主语you通常省略，句末用叹号或句号。
Knock at the door before entering, please.进来时请敲门！（建议）
Try some of this juice---perhaps you’ll take it.尝点这种果汁，也许你会要。（建议） Look out! There is a train coming.注意！火车来了！（提醒）
Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking. 请穿结实的鞋子，因为我们要走许多的路。（叮嘱）
At the beginning, collect as many stamps as you can. 开始时，尽可能多多地收集邮票。（建议） Leave her where she is ! 让她留在原地！（命令）
Put your coat at once. We must hurry.立刻穿上衣服。我们必须快点。（命令）
Give blood if you can and many lives will be saved.如果你能，来献血吧，这会挽救很多人的生命。（号召）
2、祈使句的另外表达方式 （1）“No＋名词或动名词” 表示祈使句
“No＋名词或动名词”结构表示禁止的祈使，一般用于指示、标牌、布告等。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟！ No spitting!不准随地吐痰！ No litter! 不准乱扔果皮纸屑！ No entry!不许入内！
No thoroughfare!禁止通行！ No scribbling on the wall!墙上不准涂写！ No admittance except on business!非公莫入！ （2）“have done…”结构表示祈使句
这种结构相当于stop doing， 意为“禁止”。有时表示“结束、停止”。 Have done scolding him. 不要再责备他了。 Have done!住手！
Have done running!跑完了！（别跑了！） （3）“be＋ V-ed”结构表示祈使句
Be guided by reason!理智些！ Be seated! 请坐！ Be persuaded by your father! 听你父亲的话！ Be gone! 滚！ （4）“be+ V-ing” 结构表示祈使句
Don’t be looking out of the window! 勿将头伸出窗外！
Do be doing your homework when I come in.我进来时，你一定在做作业吧！ （5）无动词祈使句
一般来讲，祈使句都要有动词，但是有些用于口号、告示等的祈使句却是没有动词。主要有：名词短语；介词短语；名词＋代词／副词／形容词；形容词＋名词／代词；副词＋with等。
Don’t all speak at once! One at a time, please.不要一起说，一次一个！
One more week, and we’ll accomplish the task.再给我一星期，我就会完成任务。 Patience! 耐心点！ Your turn. 轮到您了。 After you! 您先请！ Now for it! 干起来吧！On with your cap. 带上帽子。Danger!危险！ Poison!有毒！ Over! 完毕！ Bottom up!干杯！
None of that again! 不要在那样！ None of your nonsense!不要胡说八道！ Hand up!举起手来！ Hands off!无动手！
Off with it!把它拿下来！ Up with the box!把箱子放下！ Eyes left!向右看齐！ None of your impudence!休要无理！ None of your little trick! 不要再玩鬼把戏！ （6）let祈使句
① Let’s祈使句
let’s引导的祈使句，包括听话者本人在内，表示建议，反意问句用shall we。相当于I (We) suggest that you and I(we)…。
Let’s begin, shall we?我们开始好吗？ Let’s go home.我们回家吧！
② Let me(us, him, her, it, them) 祈使句
该结构引导的祈使句表示请求对方允许自己干某事，不包括对方（you）在内，let相当于allow，意为please allow us…或you allow us ，反意问句要用will you。
Let all the children be well educated!让所有的孩子都得到良好的教育。 Let him go where he might, I don’t care.他想上那就让他去，我不管！ Let us know your name, will you?让我们知道你的名字好吗？ ③ let祈使句否定
let 祈使句的否定可以为let’s not/let me(us) not或Don’t let’s/ let me(us)但let him等第三人称否定式为Don’t let him。其他人称亦可用Don’t let。 Don’t let her disturb you！别让她妨碍我！
Let’s not be in such a hurry!让我们别这样急！ ④ let祈使句强调
let祈使句强调的强调式为Do let’s或Do let us。 Do let her go!一定让她走！
Do let’s go climbing.我们一定去爬山！ ⑤ Let there be 结构
No + v-ing其时句常用let there be 代替。
No parking here.= Let there be no parking here. 不准在此停车！ （7）“why not＋动词原形”等结构表示祈使概念 “why not＋动词原形”；“why ＋动词原形” “you’d better/best+do sth.”等结构可以表示祈使概念，用来表达方式，提出委婉建议，指责，反问等。 -I usually go there by train.我通常坐火车去？
-Why not try going by boat for a change?怎么不坐船换换口味。
You’d better go to school early tomorrow. 明天你最好早点去上学。 -Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Susan,去和你姐姐扫院子。 -Why me? John is sitting there doing nothing. 为什么叫我去？John坐在那闲着。 3、祈使句可以用被动形式
Don’t be cheated by what he said.不要被他说的话所欺骗。 Don’t be forced to do that again.不要再被胁迫做那种事了。 4、祈使句的主语
祈使句的主语多为不言而喻的you,一般不出现。但若是要强调主语；或表示急躁、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩；表示向谁请求或发出命令，祈使句可有主语，除you外可以用不代词one, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone或名词。
① 当说话人强调主语或上级对下级，长者对年青人或小孩讲话时。 -Alice, you feed the bird today, will you?爱丽丝，你去喂鸟好吗？ -Yes. But I fed it yesterday.好，但我昨天喂了。
You take care when you cross the road.你过马路时要小心。 You speak first.你先讲。 Tom, listen to me.汤姆，听我说。 You be careful.你要仔细点。 John, open the door!约翰，去开门！
② 当说话人有急躁、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩 Come here, you! 你，过来！（放句尾，表示轻视、傲视） You do it right away.你立刻做这件事
You mind your own business, and leave this to me.你别管闭事，把此事留给我好了。 ③ 当说话人必须指明不同的事要求不同的人去做时。
You clean the windows，and you(another man)mop the floor.你擦窗户，你(指另一个人)拖地板。 You go over there and sit next to Tom，while he and I stay here.你到那里坐在汤姆旁边，我和
他留在这里。
④ 当祈使句的主语是someone，somebody，everyone，everybody等泛指第三人称时。 Someone call a taxi.你去叫车！（相当于You，不用calls） Someone open that window.来个人把那扇窗户打开。 Everybody be here at7:30. 大家7:30到这里。
⑤ 当祈使句谓语部分有副词up，down，in，out，off，away等，且这些副词置于句首时。 In you jump! 你跳进去吧! Out you come.请你出来。
⑥ 当祈使句以Don't开头又要加重语气时。
Don’t you dare to cause any more trouble.你敢再捣乱。 Don’t you be late again next time.你下次不要再来晚了。 5、祈使句的否定
祈使句的否定结构一般是在谓语动词前加do not或用don't（口语中），有时也可用never，若祈使句有主语，否定词用don’t或never要置于主语之前，不可用do not。 —Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to…对不起，Joe。我不是故意要……
—Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr Parker to you, and don’t you forget it! 不要叫我Joe。我是Parker先生，不要忘了。
Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to. 除非老师叫你动，否则就不要动任何东西。 Don't reach sideways while standing on a ladder.站在梯子上的时候，不要侧身子伸手去拿东西。 Don’t anyone make noise!都别说话了！
Don’t you ever forget it!(不能说Do not you…)别忘了。 Don’t you believe it.决不要相信他。 Never be late again.别再迟到了。 6、肯定祈使句的强调
肯定祈使句可用助动词do加强语气，常译为“务必、一定要”。 Do save me!天那！（救救我吧） Do come in.请进。
Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时务必小心。 Do give my regards to your parents.请务必代我向你的父母问好。 7、“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构 （1）祈使句+ and(then，and then)+陈述句
在这个句型中，前边祈使句+ and(then，and then)相当于if引导的条件句。
Come early，and you’ll catch the first bus. =If you come early，you’ll catch the first bus.来早点，你就能赶上第一班汽车。
Use your head，then you’ll find a way.开动脑筋，那么你就会找到办法。
One more word，and I'll get angry with you．如果你再说一句话，我就生你的气了。
Another week，and the railway station will be completed．再有一周，火车站就完工了。 （2）祈使句+（or，or else，otherwise）+陈述句
在这个句型中，前边祈使句+（or，or else，otherwise）相当于unless引导的条件句。
Work hard，otherwise，you’ll fail. = Unless you work hard，you’ll fail.努力干，要不，你会失败的。
Use your head，or else you won’t find a way.= Unless you use your head, you won’t find a way.开动脑筋，否则，你就找不到办法。 巧选and, or：选择连接词，只看陈述句，and叫人心欢畅，or的后果不好尝。 8、祈使句的简略答语形式 祈使句的简略答语，肯定或否定形式常用will或won’t。 -Write to me when you get home.到家时给我打电话！ - I will. 我会的。
-Don’t forget to close the window.别忘了关窗。 -No, I won’t.不会忘。 四、感叹句
感叹句(exclamatory sentence)用来表示说话人喜怒哀乐、惊讶、赞美等强烈感情的句子。用降调，句末用感叹号，句首多用how和what，其余与陈述句结构相同。
1、带有how的感叹句
用来感叹形容词、副词或动词，其结构： （1）How＋形容词＋主语＋谓语!
How happy he is! 他是多么的幸福啊!
How exciting he became when he heard the news! 当他听到这个消息时，他是多么的激动！ How beautiful the West Lake is! 西湖是多么的美丽啊! （2）How＋副词＋主语＋谓语!
How hard he is working now!他现在工作得多么的努力呀! How slowly he runs! 他跑得多么慢呀!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得多么好听啊！ （3）How＋主语＋动词!
How her mother worried! 她母亲是多么地担心啊!
How he enjoys collecting stamps!他是多么的喜欢集邮啊! How the men pumped like crazy!水手们发疯般地抽着水！ （4）How+形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数形式
Miss Langham arm in arm with Mr.Peabody——how astonishing a sight! 兰哈姆小姐挽着皮博迪先生的胳膊，看上去真叫人吃惊！
How interesting a book it is!多么有趣的一本书啊！ （5）How+ many, much, few, little+ 名词+主语＋谓语! How little food they have!他们的食物多么少啊！ How few books she has!他有的书多么少啊！ 2、带有what 的感叹句
带有what的感叹句用来感叹名词，被感叹的名词既可以是可数名词（单数形式或复数形式），也可以是不可数名词。
（1）What a/an＋(形容词)＋单数名词＋谓语! What a fine day it is! 天气多么好啊!
What an interesting story it is! 它是多么有趣的一个故事啊! What an honest boy he is!他是一个多么诚实的孩子呀!
What a beautiful day it was and how happy I was!天是多么的好，我是多么的高兴啊! （2）What＋(形容词)＋复数名词＋谓语!
What funny stories they are! 他们是多么可笑的故事啊!
What beautiful colours they are! 它们的颜色是多么的漂亮啊! What terrible earthquakes they are! 多么可怕的地震啊! （3）What＋(形容词)＋不可数名词＋谓语!
What great progress he has made!他取得了多么大的进步呀!
What terrible weather we met!我们那时遇到了多么可怕的天气啊!
What fun it is to have a swim in summer.夏天游泳是多么有趣的是啊！ 3、感叹句的特殊表达法 （1）不定式短语引起的感叹句
不定式短语单独使用常表示惊异、气愤、祝愿等情绪。
To sell such a cheap suit as that to a millionaire! 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一位百万富翁！ To think that I shall never see her again!真没想到我再也见不到她了！
To think of my leaving the umbrella in the train! 真没想到我把伞落到火车上了！ （2）so和such引起的感叹句
The little boy is so clever!这个男孩真聪明！ It was such terrible writing!写得真糟糕！ （3）That引起的感叹句
That引起的感叹句,表示愿望、遗憾。
That it should ever come to this!事情竟会弄到这种地步！ That she were here!她在这该多好！ （4）if 或if only 引起的感叹句
If I haven't lost my watch!我的表要是不丢该多好!
If only I knew!要是我知道该多好。 （5）who 引起的感叹句
以who起首引起的感叹句表示惊奇。
Who would have thought it!谁能想得到啊！
Who else could have done it!还有谁会做这件事！ （6）短语感叹句
At last! At last!终于盼到了！
Thirty years! Such a long time!30年了！多么长的时间呀！ The grass and the rising sun!多么青的草地，多么明媚的晨光！ （7）疑问句感叹
Hasn’t she grown!她长这么大了！ Am I silly!我真傻！
Aren’t you lucky!你真走运！
（8）以off, in, away, here, there起首的感叹句
Up to the cliff climbed a man!那个人爬到悬崖上去了！ Here it begins!来吧，开始啦！ 五、点击考点
1.He little realized that he made a big mistake,_________? A.didn't he B.hadn't he C.had he D.did he 2.----Your father told me that he overslept this morning. ----Oh, my father rarely used to oversleep,_________ ? A.wasn't B.was he C.didn't he D.did he 3.----Nice to see you all.
----It's been a long time since you dropped in,Mary ________? A.didn't you B.isn't C.don't you D.hasn't it 4.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer,_______?
A.will you B.don't you C.do you D.shan't you 5.You'd rather not do it,________?
A.should you B.wouldn't you C.would you D.must you 6.She had a good holiday in the countryside,________?
A.wasn't B.hadn't she C.did she D.didn't she 7.I don’t suppose you're serious,_________?
A.don't you B.do I C.are you D.aren't you 8.It is unfair to treat him like that,_________?
A.is it B.isn't it C.does it D.doesn't it 9.She missed the last bus yesterday,__________?
A.did she B.didn't she C.had she D.hadn't she 10.He failed in the final examination,_________?
A.did he B.didn't he C.had he D.hadn't he 11.Mary must have come here yesterday,_________?
A.didn't she B.mustn't she C.hadn't she D.wasn't she 12.I was told that she disagreed with you about this,_________? A.didn't she B.did she C.wasn't I D.had she
13.Tom isn't a diligent student, for it is the third time he has been late, _______? A.wasn't it B.hasn't it C.isn't it D.hasn't he 14.----They don't seem to answer their phone. ----There isn't anyone at home,_________?
A.isn't there B.is there C.is it D.isn't it 15.We had to read the first chapter,__________?
A.didn't we B.shouldn't we C.don't we D.weren't we
16.There aren't many cafes. We'd better stop at the next place we see, _______ ? A.hadn't we B.wouldn't we C.had we D.didn't we 17.You'd like that,_________?
A.don't you B.didn't you C.hadn't you D.wouldn't you 18.The professor must have been to London,________ he?
A.must B.mustn't C.hasn't D.doesn't 19.Don't open the door,________?
A.won't you B.shall we C.will you D.do you 20.Everybody hopes to join the club,_________ ?
A.does he B.didn't he C.do they D.doesn't he 21.Time is up. Let's stop here,________?
A.will you B.won't we C.shall we D.shan't we 22.Nothing is interesting here,________?
A.are they B.aren't they C.is it D.isn't it 23.Let us share the room,________?
A.may we B.shall we C.will you D.shan't we 24.That's the sort of the book you want,________?
A.is it B.isn't that C.is that D.isn't it 25.----Don't bother to drive me back.
----But then you'd have to walk home alone,________?
A.hadn't you B.do you C.would you D.wouldn't you 26.You have Jack do the work,________?
A.do you B.isn't you C.haven't you D.don’t you 27.What a lovely day,_________?
A.doesn't it B.isn't it C.hasn't it D.won't it 28.No one likes to be shouted at like that,________?
A.does he B.doesn't C.do they D.will one 29.I don't think you are right,________?
A.do I B.aren't I C.are you D.am I 30.I am very interested in collecting stamps,________? A.don't I B.amn't I C.am I D.aren't I 31.I wish to have two tickets for the concert,________?
A.can I B.will I C.do they D.may I 32.He is worker but his wife is a singer,________?
A.isn't he B.isn't she C.are they D.aren't they 33.---Lucy,you wash the dishes,______?
---Mom,can’t Lily do it?It’s her turn.
A.don’t you B.can you C.shall you D.will you 34._______this book and tell me what you think of it. A.Look through B.Look on C.Look into D.Look up 35.---Alice,you feed the bird today, _________? ---But I fed it yesterday.
A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you 36.---Please don’t make a noise. ---_________.
A.I don’t B.I won’t C.No,I won’t D.Yes,I will
37.______down the radio——the baby’s asleep in the next room. A.Turning B.To turn C.Turned D.Turn 38.______he has sent us!
A.What nice gift B.How nice gift C.What a nice gift D.How a nice gift 39.______good information it is!
A.How B.What C.How a D.What a 40._______exciting the film is!
A.What B.How C.So D.How much
41._______the farmers worked last summer!But the crops were still poor because of the floods. A.How B.How diligent C.What D.How careful 42.________pity!I hope you will return one day. A.How B.What C.How a D.What a
43.When we went there,the girls were singing._______it was! A.What lovely song B.How lovely song C.What lovely a song D.How lovely a song 44._______she is!
A.What a pretty girl B.How pretty a girl
C.How pretty girl D.both A and B 45.________lovely boys they are!
A.What a B.What C.How D.both B and C 46. --_____ David and Vicky _____married? --For about three years.
A. How long were …being B. How long have …got C. How long have … been D. How long did … get
47. —I hear they aren’t pleased with the house you’ve chosen for them.
—Well, ____could they live in such comfort?
A. where else B. what else C. how D. why 48.____I know the money is safe , I shall not worry about it A. Even though
B. Unless
C. As long as D. while
49. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer , ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they 50.Mrs.Black doesn’t believe her son is able to design a digital camera, ? A. is he B. isn’t he C. doesn’t she D. does she 51.—Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation? --It .
A. all depend B. all depends C. is all depended D. is all depending 52. be sent to work there?
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should 53.Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A.When left B.Leaving C.If you leave D.Leave 54._______him and then try to copy what he does. (1999) A.Mind B.Glance C.Stare at D.Watch 55.----Alice,you feed the bird today,______? ----Yes.But I fed it yesterday. (1999)
A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you 56.________we have today!(1983)
A.A fine weather B.What a fine weather C.How a fine weather D.What fine weather 57.Oh,John._________you gave us!(1990)
A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise 58._________food you’ve cooked!(1991)
A.How a nice B.What a nice C.How nice D.What nice 59._______terrible weather we’ve been having these days! (1992) A.How a B.What a C.How D.What 60.________from Beijing to London!(1993)
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is
答案：1.D 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.D 21.C 22.C 23.C 24.D 25.D 26.D 27.B 28.C 29.C 30.D 31.D 32.B 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.D 38.C 39.B 40.B 41.A 42.D 43.D 44.D 45.B46.C 47.A 48.C 49.C 50.D 51.B 52.A 53.D 54.D 55.B 56.D 57.C 58.D 59.D 60.D
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